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Introduction to Noninvasive Therapies
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Non-Invasive Instrumentation and Measurement in Medical Diagnosis, 2017
The NITs we will cover are technical in nature; they do not involve massage, surface ointments, acupuncture, exercise regimens, braces, swallowed medicines and drugs, or diets. However, they do include photon radiation modalities (e.g., IR, x-ray, γ-radiation) and mechanical energy radiation (ultrasound [US]). Also, electric currents include transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS), interferential current therapy (ICT), transcutaneous magnetic stimulation (TMS), other electromagnetics, tumor-treating fields (TTF), and enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP). Also described are pneumatic respiratory therapies including continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (ventilation), and intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV).
Mask interface for continuous positive airway pressure therapy: selection and design considerations
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Zhichao Ma, Michael Drinnan, Philip Hyde, Javier Munguia
PAP therapy has been used to treat OSA syndrome as an effective clinical approach. There are a wide range of PAP devices such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), auto-adjusting CPAP, bi-level PAP, adaptive servo ventilation, and volume-assured pressure support [13]. Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP) and CPAP are two typical forms, which are commonly used for treating moderate or severe OSA syndrome and both rely on supplying pressurized air to the patient’s airways via a mask. BiPAP can offer different levels of air pressure during inspiration and expiration; typically, higher air pressure is supplied during inspiration and lower pressure is supplied during expiration as opposed to CPAP which delivers a constant single pressure level. The CPAP system comprises a pump, a flexible hose, a facial mask, and a headgear. Figure 3 shows a basic connection between CPAP device and patients [14,15]. The pump is used to pressurize the air beyond atmospheric pressure, at a level that is comfortably tolerated by the wearer [16] opening the blocked airway via a pressurized airflow (Figure 4).