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Toxicological Chemistry of Chemical Substances
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Gaseous methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, and isobutane (both C4H10) are regarded as simple asphyxiants that form mixtures with air containing insufficient oxygen to support respiration. The most common toxicological occupational problem associated with the use of hydrocarbon liquids in the workplace is dermatitis, caused by dissolution of the fat portions of the skin and characterized by inflamed, dry, scaly skin. Inhalation of volatile liquid 5–8 carbon n-alkanes and branched-chain alkanes may cause central nervous system depression manifested by dizziness and loss of coordination. Exposure to n-hexane and cyclohexane results in loss of myelin (a fatty substance constituting a sheath around certain nerve fibers) and degeneration of axons (part of a nerve cell through which nerve impulses are transferred out of the cell). This has resulted in multiple disorders of the nervous system (polyneuropathy), including muscle weakness and impaired sensory function of the hands and feet. In the body, n-hexane is metabolized to 2,5-hexanedione, a Phase I oxidation product that can be observed in urine of exposed individuals and used as a biological monitor of exposure to n-hexane.
Toxicological Chemistry of Chemical Substances
Published in Stanley Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2017
Gaseous methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, and isobutane (both C4H10) are regarded as simple asphyxiants that form mixtures with air containing insufficient oxygen to support respiration. The most common toxicological occupational problem associated with the use of hydrocarbon liquids in the workplace is dermatitis, caused by dissolution of the fat portions of the skin and characterized by inflamed, dry, scaly skin. Inhalation of volatile liquid 5–8 carbon n-alkanes and branched-chain alkanes may cause central nervous system depression manifested by dizziness and loss of coordination. Exposure to n-hexane and cyclohexane results in loss of myelin (a fatty substance constituting a sheath around certain nerve fibers) and degeneration of axons (part of a nerve cell through which nerve impulses are transferred out of the cell). This has resulted in multiple disorders of the nervous system (polyneuropathy) including muscle weakness and impaired sensory function of the hands and feet. In the body, n-hexane is metabolized to 2,5-hexanedione, a Phase I oxidation product that can be observed in urine of exposed individuals and used as a biological monitor of exposure to n-hexane.
Electromyogram
Published in Kayvan Najarian, Robert Splinter, Biomedical Signal and Image Processing, 2016
Kayvan Najarian, Robert Splinter
Polyneuropathy is a disorder of the peripheral nerves. The distal nerve axons are more likely to be affected than the proximal fibers. The EMG of the patients suffering from polyneuropathy shows signs of denervation of the muscle Myopathy is a purely muscular disorder. The pathological symptoms are related to ion channel dysfunction in the motor units. One chronic disorder that may be associated with neuromuscular causes is cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy is actually a brain disorder in the motor areas of the cerebrum.
Toxicity, metabolism, and mitigation strategies of acrylamide: a comprehensive review
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Leila Peivasteh-Roudsari, Marziyeh Karami, Raziyeh Barzegar-Bafrouei, Samane Samiee, Hadis Karami, Behrouz Tajdar-Oranj, Vahideh Mahdavi, Adel Mirza Alizadeh, Parisa Sadighara, Gea Oliveri Conti, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
Characteristic ataxia, weight loss, the frailty of skeletal muscles, distal swelling, and degeneracy of axons in the central and peripheral nervous systems are general symptoms of neural destruction due to AA exposure to humans (Rifai and Saleh 2020). Severe central nervous system symptoms regarding acute and subacute exposure to a high dose of AA have been reported, including confusion, drowsiness, disorientation, memory loss, and hallucinations. Also, characteristic symptoms of peripheral polyneuropathy may appear concerning long-term exposure to AA, such as tingling of the fingers, numbness of lower limbs, decreased pinprick sensation, sensitivity to touching, lost vibration sense, and weakness or absence of tendon reflexes (Zamani et al. 2017). The interplay of AA with kinesin motor protein in neurons may impair the rapid anterograde transfer of nerve growth factors from the cell body to the periphery, resulting in nerve death. AA has an adverse impact on the absorption of neurotransmitters into a striatal synaptic vesicle, chiefly because of a probable interplay with sulfhydryl groups on particular proteins, which disrupts the presynaptic secretion of neurotransmitters (Kumar et al. 2018).
Complexions therapy and severe intoxication by Thallium salts
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Maria Rayisyan, Natalia Zakharova, Liudmila Babaskina
Thallium salt poisoning is characterized by a triad of symptoms: gastrointestinal, neurological, and dermatological. In the examined patients, the earliest evident were gastrointestinal disorders, which patients noted in the first day of the poisoning. Among them were nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, as well as gastric bleeding diagnosed in two patients. After 2-5 days, neurological disorders joined, which were characterized by painful and rapidly progressing peripheral polyneuropathy reported in all the examined patients. Besides, some patients had signs of central nervous system lesions like consciousness impairment (from encephalitis lethargica to coma in two people), seizures, and delirium, which indicated severe poisoning with thallium salts. The toxic effect of thallium on the nervous system, both central and peripheral, can be attributed to the fact that it disrupts the work of key enzymes that participate in tissue respiration by binding to their thiol groups. It leads to dystrophic changes in mitochondria, especially in nerve fibers, and results in axon degradation.[12,14]
Will the plant-based movement redefine physicians’ understanding of chronic disease?
Published in The New Bioethics, 2020
Considering these findings, it is even more remarkable that a simple lifestyle intervention, including a vegan, plant-based diet, can actually lead to complete remission of clinical symptoms (Greger 2015). The rapid regression of neuropathic pain after initiation of lifestyle changes was reported more than two decades ago (Crane and Sample 1994). Patients suffering from diabetes and concomitant moderate or worse systemic distal polyneuropathy were enrolled in this trial. Subjects were prescribed a low fat vegan diet, which was high in fibre and unrefined foods. In addition to that, the 25-day in-residence life-style programme included daily conditioning exercise. Complete relief of the neuropathic pain occurred in 17 of the 21 patients within just 4–16 days. Of note, the 17 responders were followed for another period of 1–4 years. In all but 1 of the 17 patients, the relief from the systemic distal polyneuropathy had continued, or there was further improvement.