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Social Aspects of Flooding
Published in Saeid Eslamian, Faezeh Eslamian, Flood Handbook, 2022
Mir Bintul Huda, Nasir Ahmad Rather, Saeid Eslamian
Poliomyelitis is a viral infection caused by the poliovirus and is spread primarily from person to person through the fecal-oral route (Chin, 2000). In South Africa, an outbreak of polio was reported during 1987–1988 in which there were 412 cases and 51% of these were confirmed (Middelkoop et al., 1992). The coastal areas were at the highest risk and the outbreak followed major floods in 1987. Although the primary cause of the epidemic could not be determined, there was a strong correlation between flood-related mortality rates in each district which was used as an indicator of the severity of the floods and poliomyelitis attack rates. It was suggested that it was reasonable to speculate that the scene was set for an outbreak by the massive floods which led to both a temporary breakdown in vaccination services and considerable surface pollution, including wild poliovirus.
Microbial health risks and water quality
Published in Blanca Jiménez, Joan Rose, Urban Water Security: Managing Risks, 2009
Joan B. Rose, Samuel R. Farrah
Some examples of diseases that may be controlled with vaccines are shown in Table 3.12. Immunization against poliovirus has greatly reduced the incidence of this disease, and there is hope for its eventual elimination (Kimman and Boot, 2006). Likewise, where immunization against hepatitis A has been conducted, the number of cases has declined (Zhou et al., 2007). It has been more difficult to develop a vaccine for hepatitis E. However, a vaccine against hepatitis E has been produced and found to be safe and effective in initial trials (Shrestha et al., 2007). An earlier rotavirus vaccine (RotaShield) was found to cause increased rates of a bowel problem, intusecception, in children and was withdrawn from the market (Kang, 2006). Now, a newer vaccine (RotaTeq) has been developed, and found to be safe for use with children (Kang, 2006). A vaccine against Salmonella enteric serotype Typhi has been found to offer protection against typhoid fever and to help control outbreaks (Bodhidatta et al., 1987). A vaccine against Vibrio cholerae has also been found to reduce the level of cholera in a community (Emch et al., 2006).
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
This disease has been eliminated from nearly all countries worldwide, with five out of six WHO regions now certified wild poliovirus free – the African Region, the Americas, Europe, South-East Asia and the Western Pacific. Polio only remains endemic in two countries – Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative, spearheaded by WHO and key partners, has a goal to complete the eradication and containment of all wild, vaccine-related and Sabin polioviruses, such that no child ever again suffers paralytic poliomyelitis.
Design of artificial cells: artificial biochemical systems, their thermodynamics and kinetics properties
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Adamu Yunusa Ugya, Lin Pohan, Qifeng Wang, Kamel Meguellati
The top-down construction of ‘minimal cells’ is carried out by decreasing the genome of living cells. A primitive living organism does not require a high number of genes to be alive. Venter and colleagues discovered 517 genes in the parasitic bacterium Mycoplasma genitalium in 1995 [19]. An artificial infectious poliovirus was created by a top-bottom approach in 2002. With this method, the full-length poliovirus DNA (cDNA) is synthesized de novo and later transcribed into highly infectious viral RNA with the help of T7 RNA polymerase. Then, the transcription and replication of viral RNA took place in the cytoplasmic extract of uninfected cells, producing poliovirus with identical physiological and pathological properties compared to natural virus [20]. In 2004, minimal-gene sets were redefined for cell viability by Gil et al. [21]. Recently, a computer-based genome sequencing named Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0 was designed by Venter et al. on two strains of M. mycoides subspecies capri GM12 [22]. The expected phenotypic properties of M. mycoides, which can self-replicate, were seen in the resulting new cells. These types of cells are called ‘synthetic cells’ The developed synthetic DNA was integrated and accepted by the newly designed semi-synthetic artificial cell. Although the construction of large DNA sequences was enabled by synthetic biology, the creation of more complex artificial life still requires a long process to manipulate, modify, and develop them.
Human and livestock pathogens and their control during composting
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Temperature is also effective against most viruses. For example, a temperature of 56 °C can inactivate adenovirus by rupturing its capsid (Guardabassi et al., 2003). Hepatitis A virus (HAV), often considered a resistant virus, is denatured after 10 hr at 60 °C (Guardabassi et al., 2003). Above 60 °C, inactivation of viruses is the result of structural changes in capsid proteins, with a loss of infectivity, rather than the result of damage to the viral genome. Coagulation and breakdown of the proteins occurs in a few minutes at 70 °C (Hirneisen et al., 2010). Heat also affects the capsid and the genome of naked ssRNA viruses of Group IV, such as enterovirus. For example, protein denaturation occurs above 50 °C for poliovirus, with inactivation enhanced due to volatile fatty acids and ammonia volatilization (Popat et al., 2010).
Evaluation of Human Norovirus Genogroup-II (HNoV-II) Inactivation by Ozonated Water Using Quantitative PCR Combined with PMA Pretreatment
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2021
Masahiro Otaki, Shinobu Kazama
Kim, Gentile, and Sproul (1980) reported that the ozone inactivation of bacteriophage f2 first destroys capsids, followed by RNA damage, and the first early stage of capsid damage reduced the infectivity. In contrast, Roy et al. (1981) reported that RNA damage was the main cause of reduced infectivity in the ozone inactivation of poliovirus, rather than capsid damage. Shin and Sobsey (2003) reported that their results supported RNA damage rather than capsid damage. Our qPCR and PMA + qPCR results indicate that even in situations where most viruses were inactivated, about 90% were inactivated with RNA damage, and at least 10% (up to almost all) were inactivated without significant capsid damage.