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Biomimetic Microsystems for Blood and Lymphatic Vascular Research
Published in Hyun Jung Kim, Biomimetic Microengineering, 2020
Vasculature is one of the earliest functional organs that form during embryogenesis. The vasculature is comprised of arteries, veins, capillary beds, and lymphatic vessels. These vessels share some common features. The inner most layer of blood vessel is a thin layer of endothelial cells, called endothelium, surrounded by the basement membrane. The arteries, veins, and capillary vessels are also decorated with a layer of perivascular cells. For arteries and veins, the perivascular cells are smooth muscle cells (SMCs) that can constrict or relax to either increase or decrease the pressure, whereas capillary vessels are decorated with pericytes. Due to the proximity to the heart, arteries have thicker wall than veins, to withstand larger blood pressure from the hearts, and they are also surrounded by a denser population of SMCs. The capillary vessels are categorized into three subtypes: continuous, discontinuous, and fenestrated vessels. Continuous capillary vessels have a continuous basement membrane and are decorated with pericytes. Discontinuous capillary vessels are found in sinusoidal blood vessels of the liver and bone marrow where the basement membrane is discontinuous. Fenestrated capillary vessels are characteristic of vessels in tissues that function to filtrate or secrete, such as endocrine and exocrine glands, kidney, and intestine where the endothelium is fenestrated to facilitate exchange and secretion of biomolecules (Potente and Makinen 2017).
Principles and Biological Pathways to Tissue Regeneration: The Tissue Regenerative Niche
Published in Claudio Migliaresi, Antonella Motta, Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering, 2014
Ranieri Cancedda, Claudia Lo Sicco
Perivascular cells, often know as vascular mural cells, are the cells that surround tunica intima of the blood vessels that constitute a major component of the vascular wall. Pericytes, though similar but distinct from vascular smooth muscle cells, closely encircle capillaries and micro-vessels in most connective tissues. Pericytes have been postulated as the in situ counterpart of the bone marrow-derived MSCs [Sacchetti et al., 2007]. The CD146+CD105+ pericytes developed around the walls of capillaries regarded as structural elements of blood vessels that regulate vascular contractility and are important for the stabilization of the nascent capillaries and in the
Recent advances in wide field and ultrawide field optical coherence tomography angiography in retinochoroidal pathologies
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Gagan Kalra, Francesco Pichi, Nitin Kumar Menia, Daraius Shroff, Nopasak Phasukkijwatana, Kanika Aggarwal, Aniruddha Agarwal
Interestingly, although none of the OCTA data showed an association with peripheral capillary leakage in FA, there was a correlation between peripheral capillary leakage in FA and perivascular-peripapillary and macular thickening in en-face wide-field thickness maps. In keeping, a previous study on patients with Birdshot chorioretinopathy has shown that perivascular thickening on thickness maps corresponds to vasculitis and may be used to follow phlebitis and disease activity in patients with respective disease [72].
Cerebral perfusion and its association with serum endothelin-1 in multiple sclerosis
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Azza Bayoumi Hammad, Eman Mohammed Seif El Din, Ghada Saed Abdel Azim, Mohamed Ali Abboud
Possible mechanisms involved in the reduction of perfusion parameters include primary vascular pathology in the context of perivascular inflammation of MS lesions, overproduction of vasoconstrictor molecule, such as ET-1, deficiency in B2-adrenergic receptors comprising CBF by astrocytes and impaired vasodilatation through inhibition of endothelium-derived relaxing factors, such as nitric oxide (NO) [23].