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Profound Hypoxia: Extreme Altitude and Space
Published in Anthony N. Nicholson, The Neurosciences and the Practice of Aviation Medicine, 2017
In the studies that involved square wave decompressions at 37,500 feet, neuronal damage was either predominantly cortical or predominantly subcortical. The former involved the boundary zones between the cerebral arteries and spread across the parietal, temporal and frontal cortices, and the latter affected the thalamus and basal ganglia. An example of the necrosis observed in animals that was predominantly cortical is given in Figure 8.4. In the occipital lobes, necrosis was marked around each parieto-occipital sulcus involving principally the third layer. Necrosis extended over the dorsal aspect of the hemispheres as two paramedian bands 9 to 12 millimetres wide and 15 to 18 millimetres from the midline. Necrosis was limited in the temporal gyri, hippocampi, basal ganglia and cerebellum. An example of the necrosis observed in animals with a predominantly subcortical distribution is given in Figure 8.5. Subcortical necrosis affected the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus and cerebellum, but there was only slight loss of neurons in the occipital cortex along two paramedian bands 5 to 7 millimetres wide lying 15 to 18 millimetres from the midline.
Aha! I know where I am: the contribution of visuospatial cues to reorientation in urban environments
Published in Spatial Cognition & Computation, 2021
Efrosini Charalambous, Sean Hanna, Alan Penn
A similar distinction between surprise and entropy highlights again the element of predictability and its distinct relation to hippocampal activity (Strange et al., 2005). The hippocampus is sensitive to novel, unexpected events and their relative predictability within a sequence. For example, a study on sequential learning examined the brain’s response to sequential predictability and reported the involvement of the hippocampal system, the parieto-occipital sulcus, the retrosplenial cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex (Harrison, Duggins & Friston, 2006), brain regions that are also engaged during navigation. The sensitivity of these brain areas to predictability and the structure of events within a sequence most likely facilitates memory mechanisms; remembering an item in relation to its neighboring items within a sequence or an event in relation to its context appears to be more efficient than remembering each item or event individually (Burgess, Becker, King & O’Keefe, 2001).
The athletes’ visuomotor system – Cortical processes contributing to faster visuomotor reactions
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2018
Thorben Hülsdünker, Heiko K. Strüder, Andreas Mierau
In addition to training-induced adaptations in grey matter, plasticity has also been reported for white matter structure. In a juggling training study, adapted to the paradigm introduced by Draganski et al. (2004), Scholz, Klein, Behrens, and Johansen-Berg (2009) observed an FA increase in the parieto-occipital sulcus as well as the IPS. Both regions are part of the PPC and correspond to the cortical motor system (Grefkes et al., 2004). Further, especially the IPS is strongly interconnected with visual regions such as area MT (Gilaie-Dotan, 2016) thus forming an interface between visual and motor structures (Grefkes et al., 2004).