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Introduction: Background Material
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The peripheral nervous system has two main subdivisions (Figure 1.6): The somatic nervous system, concerned with sensory input to the central nervous system and with motor output to skeletal muscle.The autonomic nervous system, concerned with the control of visceral functions such as heart rate, digestion, respiration, and perspiration. The autonomic nervous system has two main subdivisions: (i) the sympathetic nervous system, involved in the “fight-or-flight” response that mobilizes the body to respond to stressful or threatening conditions, and (ii) the parasympathetic nervous system, concerned with activities of the body at rest, such as digestion and waste elimination. Most organs and systems of the body receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation acting in opposition, thereby providing a more effective, finer control.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
In most parts of the body, the action of the parasympathetic nervous system is the opposite of that of the sympathetic nervous system (see Table 10.1). Thus it slows the heart rate, lowers blood pressure, constricts the pupils and constricts or narrows the airways. In addition, the parasympathetic nervous system speeds up digestion and plays an important role in defecation and emptying of the bladder and increases secretions from several glands such as the salivary glands and tear glands.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
In most parts of the body, the action of the parasympathetic nervous system is the opposite of that of the sympathetic nervous system (Table 10.1). Thus, it slows the heart rate, lowers blood pressure, constricts the pupils and constricts or narrows the airways. In addition, the parasympathetic nervous system speeds up digestion and plays an important role in defecation and emptying of the bladder and increases secretions from several glands such as the salivary glands and tear glands.
Physiological responses and stress levels of high-speed rail train drivers under various operating conditions - a simulator study in China
Published in International Journal of Rail Transportation, 2023
Yubo Jiao, Zhiqiang Sun, Liping Fu, Xiaozhuo Yu, Chaozhe Jiang, Xiaoming Zhang, Kun Liu, Xiaoyu Chen
The occurrence of stress states is often accompanied by the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), including the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). Increased activity of the SNS is helpful to eliminate a stressor, while an increased activity of the PNS is helpful to relax. Measuring the cardiac activities that indicate the interplay of the SNS and PNS is a common method used for assessing stress levels. As an indicator of cardiac activity, heart rate variability (HRV) has been widely used to assess driver’s stress. In reaction to the stressor, the SNS will reduce the HRV in order to provide energy and maintain high arousal states, and once the threat is eliminated, PNS will increase the HRV to normal [10]. Therefore, HRV is influenced by the fluctuations in ANS activities during stressful driving situations.
Fourier Transform and Autoregressive HRV Features in Prediction and Classification of Breast Cancer
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Reema Shyamsunder Shukla, Yogender Aggarwal
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) explains the variation between adjacent R-R intervals. The regulation of R-R intervals is known to be influenced by two branches of autonomic nervous system (ANS), the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) thereby making HRV a marker of cardiac ANS, quantitatively [1]. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique has been established as an efficient tool to obtain the power spectral density (PSD). In this method, windowing leads to spectral leakage effects and there is a loss of data. The autoregressive (AR) parametric (model based) power spectrum estimation methods overcome the disadvantage of loss of data and give better frequency resolution than nonparametric method [2,3]. The frequency domain analysis of HRV evaluates the sympathetic and parasympathetic activation of the heartbeat, quantitatively [4] where low frequency (LF) component indicates sympathetic activity and high frequency (HF) indicates the parasympathetic activity [5,6].
The interplay between DNA methylation and cardiac autonomic system functioning: a systematic review
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Nayara Cristina Dos Santos Oliveira, Fernanda Serpeloni, Simone Gonçalves de Assis
Based on our research question of how DNA methylation is correlated with cardiac autonomic regulation, we performed a systematic literature search in Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Pubmed, PsycINFO, Pilots databases on 3 March 2020, with no date or language restrictions. The review process was adapted from Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement (PRISMA), presenting as the main exception the non-performance of the risk of bias assessment (Moher et al. 2015). Controlled vocabulary and free-text terms combining two main components were used: ‘DNA methylation’ and ‘autonomic activity’. The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms used were ‘(epigenetics OR epigenome OR “DNA methylation”) AND (“autonomic nervous system” OR “parasympathetic nervous system” OR “sympathetic nervous system” OR “respiratory sinus arrhythmia”)’. The terms ‘heart rate variability’ OR ‘heart rate’ OR ‘vagal tone’ OR vagus were included in connection with the keywords mentioned above.