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Biomedical Applications in Probing Deep Tissue Using Mid-Infrared Supercontinuum Optical Biopsy
Published in Lingyan Shi, Robert R. Alfano, Deep Imaging in Tissue and Biomedical Materials, 2017
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in women worldwide [54], and 12th in the UK [12], and treatable if detected early. The Papanicolaou (PAP) smear test is the current screening method of cervical cancer; epithelial (i.e. surface tissue layer) cells are exfoliated from the cervix and stained with dyes for histopathology. The PAP test has reduced known mortality rates of invasive cervical cancer but, while the specificity of the PAP smear is generally very high (95%), its sensitivity can be as low as 20% to 50%, depending on the prevalence of the disease within the population [31]. This may be due to inadequate sample collection and failure to identify the telltale cell morphology, which is difficult and can amount to finding only a few suspect cells in 10,000 cells [55] by morphological examination under optical microscopy.
Trends in Cancer Screening: Different Diagnostic Approaches
Published in Anjana Pandey, Saumya Srivastava, Recent Advances in Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy, 2022
Anjana Pandey, Saumya Srivastava
Pap test and human papillomavirus testing (HPV) testing: These tests are used for the identification of abnormal cells of of the cervix and also reduce deaths from cervical cancer (Song, 2018; Kilic et al., 2020; Kim, Jun and Maeng, 2020; Lefeuvre et al., 2020; Padhy et al., 2020).
Three stage cervical cancer classifier based on hybrid ensemble learning with modified binary PSO using pretrained neural networks
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2020
Sanjay Kumar Singh, Anjali Goyal
Pap test is one of the methods to test for cervical cancer in women. In this test, the specimen or smear is collected using a small brush or cotton stick and spread over a rectangular glass plate. The collected smear is stained using the Papanicolaou method to highlight the cell characteristics which are more visible in the microscope. The benchmarked database of cervical cells images is collected from Herlev University Hospital (Denmark) [62]. For this benchmarked database, high resolution images are captured using a digital camera attached on the microscope by using 400X magnification on a microscope and resolution of 568 × 768 pixels in a 24-bit colour image. The scale is 0.201 μm/pixel [64]. The old dataset of pap-smear contains 500 smears of 7 classes. We have cropped 679 single cell images from the old pap-smear dataset for this research. Table 3 shows the details of Herlev university old datasets.
Cervical Cancer Classification from Pap Smear Images Using Modified Fuzzy C Means, PCA, and KNN
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
N. Lavanya Devi, P. Thirumurugan
Pap test is the clinical screening test for finding the presence of cancerous cells in the cervix – the lower part of the uterus. Manual analysis may be going wrong as the abnormal cells are very similar to the normal cells visually. The sources of error in manual screening are interpretive errors, sampling errors, errors caused by obscuring materials, etc. [4]. To address the problems faced due to manual screening, automated detection of cervical cancer is strongly recommended. This paper presents an algorithm for the automated detection of cancerous cells in the cervix which gives promising results in no time.
Empirical quantitative characterization of holographic phase images of normal and abnormal cervical cells by fractal descriptors
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2018
Mona Mihailescu, Eugen I. Scarlat, Irina Alexandra Paun, Irina Grigorescu, Roxana Radu, Oana Tatiana Nedelcu
The cervical cancer is the second cause of cancer related deaths of women, after breast cancer. It is associated with the modifications of the cervical cells detected in the so-called Papanicolaou (PAP) screening tests. In the same time, it is known that early cell changes can be monitored and treated early, to prevent problems later. In these conditions, the aim of PAP test is to detect any minor changes of cervical cells, before they progress to invasive carcinoma.