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Synapses
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The phosphate group is hydrolyzed back to an OH– group by enzymes referred to as phosphatases, and the process is known as dephosphorylation. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) dephosphorylates a variety of proteins as well as K+ and Ca2+ channels, NMDA, and AMPA glutamate receptors. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) also dephosphorylates a range of proteins that overlap with those of PP1, in addition to tau protein that stabilizes microtubules of the cytoskeleton. Excessive phosphorylation of tau protein is associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B), also known as calcineurin, is abundant in neurons and is activated by Ca2+. It activates T cells of the immune system and dephosphorylates AMPA receptors. Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are of fundamental importance in cell functioning as it is the major molecular mechanism through which protein activity in a cell is regulated both in and outside the nervous system.
Subneuronal Processing of Information by Solitary Waves and Stochastic Processes
Published in Sergey Edward Lyshevski, Nano and Molecular Electronics Handbook, 2018
Danko D. Georgiev, James F. Glazebrook
Microtubules do not only regulate motor protein function but also attach with their C–terminal tubulin tails different MAPs and protein kinases and phosphatases, thus organizing the intraneuronal space. The proper attachment/detachment of these proteins could regulate their enzymatic activity. In case studies of schizophrenia, there was found an altered expression of MAP2 and MAP5 that results in abnormalities in the neuronal cytoarchitecture [6]. In the case of Alzheimer’s disease, the primary alteration is the phosphorylation status of axonal MAP–tau and the activity of microtubule bound protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulated via the attachment/detachment to microtubules [98].
Genotoxic effect induced by dried nicotiana tabacum leaves from tobacco barns (kiln-houses) in chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells (V79)
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Daiana Dalberto, Caroline Cardoso Nicolau, Melissa Rosa De Sousa, Ana Letícia Hilário Garcia, Fernanda Boaretto, Jaqueline Nascimento Picada, Guilherme Maurício Soares De Souza, Paola Chytry, Johnny Ferraz Dias, Cleverson Costa Feistel, Alexandre Barros Falcão Ferraz, Ivana Grivicich, Juliana Da Silva
A biological interaction network was constructed from nicotine and inorganic elements detected by PIXE presented 163 nodes and 909 edges. The network substructure with densely connected nodes (clusters) was assessed and 9 clusters visualized with a cutoff score ≥2 (data not shown). The two clusters with the highest scores were Cluster 2 and 6. The clusters possess key bioprocesses associated with cell cycle control, proliferation, differentiation, cell growth and death, cell cycle regulation, transcription factors, signal transduction, drug metabolism. The analysis of the centralities graph demonstrated hubs-bottleneck nodes, the main proteins found being AKT1 (Serine/Threonine Kinase 1), PPP2R1A (Phosphatase 2 Scaffold Subunit Alpha), CREBBP (CREB Binding Protein), CYP1A1 (Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Subfamily A Member 1), EP300 (E1A Binding Protein P300), PPP2CA (Protein Phosphatase 2 Catalytic Subunit Alpha), HSP90AA1 (Heat Shock Protein 90 Alpha Family Class A Member 1), CDC5L (Cell Division Cycle 5 Like) (Figure 3).