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Osteoimmunomodulation with Biomaterials
Published in Nihal Engin Vrana, Biomaterials and Immune Response, 2018
Bengü Aktaş, Bora Garipcan, Zehra Betül Ahi, Kadriye Tuzlakoğlu, Emre Ergene, Pınar Yılgör Huri
Anti-inflammatory agents including steroids (glucorticoids) or non-steroids are other drugs that are used in bone tissue engineering applications to suppress immune reaction. Glucocorticoids are especially known to promote the differentiation of cells and tissues such as bone, cartilage and muscle by exhibiting inhibitory effects for inflammatory factors (IL-1, IL-4, IL-8, TNF-α etc.) [26,119,120]. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly used drugs against inflammation. This is because they inhibit the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX-I and COX-II) enzymes, which in turn inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins. COXs are responsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2). PGH2 is then catalysed into other types of prostaglandins, such as PGI2, PGD2 and PEG2. An essential function of PEG2 is to regulate the cytokine production by activated macrophages. It also plays a central role in the regulation of T- and B-cells [121,122]. However, there is some controversy about the use of NSAIDs, since these drugs inhibit fracture healing and reduce bone density. For example, Beck et al. observed that the oral administration of diclofenac to rats with short-term therapy and long-term therapy registered a delay in fracture healing [123].
Genetic variants affecting chemical mediated skin immunotoxicity
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Isisdoris Rodrigues de Souza, Patrícia Savio de Araujo-Souza, Daniela Morais Leme
Eosinophils are found in blood, but normally resident in tissues (Kita 2013), such as skin, although their role in skin homeostasis is not clearly understood thus far (Nguyen and Soulika 2019). Eosinophils present granules loaded with toxic proteins such as major basic protein and eosinophil peroxidase and a variety of preformed cytokines and chemokines released in response to appropriate stimuli (Spencer et al. 2009). These cells also produce all types of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), a lipid-derived inflammatory mediator, crucial for skin eosinophilic infiltration in hypersensitivity reactions such as AD (He et al. 2010).