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Microbial biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
Not all fermentative organisms use substrate-level phosphorylation. Instead, some organisms are able to couple the oxidation of low-energy organic compounds directly to the formation of a proton (or sodium) motive force and therefore ATP synthesis. Examples of these unusual forms of fermentation include succinate fermentation by Propionigenium modestum and oxalate fermentation by Oxalobacter formigenes. These are extremely low-energy-yielding reactions. Humans and other higher animals also use fermentation to produce lactate from excess NADH, although this is not the major form of metabolism as it is in fermentative microorganisms.
Microbial Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
Not all fermentative organisms use substrate-level phosphorylation. Instead, some organisms can couple the oxidation of low-energy organic compounds directly to the formation of a proton (or sodium) motive force, and therefore ATP synthesis. Examples of these unusual forms of fermentation include succinate fermentation by Propionigenium modestum and oxalate fermentation by Oxalobacter formigenes. These are extremely low-energy-yielding reactions. Humans and other higher animals also use fermentation to produce lactate from excess NADH, although this is not the major form of metabolism as it is in fermentative microorganisms.
Potential strategies to prevent encrustations on urinary stents and catheters – thinking outside the box: a European network of multidisciplinary research to improve urinary stents (ENIUS) initiative
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Ali Abou-Hassan, Alexandre Barros, Noor Buchholz, Dario Carugo, Francesco Clavica, Petra de Graaf, Julia de La Cruz, Wolfgang Kram, Filipe Mergulhao, Rui L Reis, Ilya Skovorodkin, Federico Soria, Seppo Vainio, Shaokai Zheng
In the case of urinary catheters and stents, enzymes can be immobilized onto the surfaces either reversibly or irreversibly. Reversible immobilization includes methods through which the enzymes can be easily removed [15,16]. However, irreversible methods are generally preferred because of the improved stability and lower extent of leaching [4]. Urological trials with antimicrobial enzyme coating are still in the early stages. It was demonstrated that in vitro, a cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH)/cellobiose stent coating inhibited several urinary pathogens including MRSA by generating H2O2, thus demonstrating an ability to kill microbes on demand when biofilms were formed [17]. Also, stent coatings with oxalate-degrading enzymes were trialed in vitro [18] and in an animal study [19]. Encrustation often results from the deposition of calcium oxalate on the biomaterial surface. A commensal colonic bacterium oxalobacter formigenes produces several oxalate-degrading enzymes, which, when used as a coat on silicone, resulted in an up to 53% reduction in encrustation with no apparent toxicity [18,19].