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Biomedical Applications of 3D Printing
Published in Jince Thomas, Sabu Thomas, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Jiya Jose, Nanoparticles in Polymer Systems for Biomedical Applications, 2019
M. S. Neelakandan, V. K. Yadu Nath, Bilahari Aryat, Parvathy Prasad, Sunija Sukumaran, Jiya Jose, Sabu Thomas, Nandakumar Kalarikkal
Orthopaedics is a surgical discipline that is commonly tied to biomedical engineering, which has been applied to different orthopaedic disciplines, ranging from trauma surgery, joint arthroplasty, and tumor surgery to deformity correction. From preoperative planning to training and education to implant designing, the use of 3D printing is rising and has become more prevalent in medical applications over the last decade as surgeons and researchers are increasingly utilizing the technology’s flexibility in manufacturing objects. 3D printing is a type of manufacturing process in which materials such as plastic or metal are deposited in layers to create a 3D object from a digital model. (1) The process is distinct from traditional manufacturing methods; in that, it is an additive rather than a subtractive process. Specifically, in surgical applications, the 3D printing techniques can not only generate models that give a better understanding of the complex anatomy and pathology of the patients (2) but can also produce patient-specific instruments (PSIs)68–76 or even custom implants77,78 that are tailor-made to the surgical requirements.
Nanostructured Ceramics for Health
Published in Debasish Sarkar, Nanostructured Ceramics, 2018
In recent trend, “Ceramic Engineering” branch may not be a first choice among under graduate student, although we are comprehensively reliant on ceramics for living, curing, and comfort. In this regard, the prime motive is to emphasize on the importance of this class of materials and how their nanostructured particles and compacts (indirect use of nanoparticles) can be used as bioceramics for dentistry, orthopedic, and cancer treatment. Recent research trend is not only confined in the development of analogous teeth material, rather cumulative success depends on multidisciplinary activity of cell biologist, microbiologist, molecular biologist and biomechanics, and dentist. Despite aforesaid interest of either materials or medical issues, orthopedic extensively involves the musculoskeletal treatment that is made of bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. On the basis of human body characteristics and activity, the bone problems may include deformities, infections, tumors, and fractures. Joints experience arthritis, bursitis, dislocation, pain, swelling, and ligament tears. So, common orthopedic-related diagnoses focus on issues with the ankle and foot, hand and wrist, shoulder, hip, knee, elbow, and spine. New generation computerized evolution helps to design patient specific orthopedic implants and dental restorations associated with nanostructured microstructures and mechanical properties of ceramics that caused in the clinical better workflow, as well as treatment options offered to patients. The photodynamic cancer therapy by photoexcited ceramic semiconductor based nanotechnology is advantageous over conventional chemotherapy. This mediated thermal therapy promises to change very foundation of cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. An increasing research relates to targeting techniques, delivery strategies, and radiation dose enhancement are likely to energies this field in the coming years.
Basic Concepts
Published in P. Arpaia, U. Cesaro, N. Moccaldi, I. Sannino, Non-Invasive Monitoring of Transdermal Drug Delivery, 2022
P. Arpaia, U. Cesaro, N. Moccaldi, I. Sannino
Orthopaedics is a branch of medicine that studies the musculoskeletal system and the pathologies associated with this system. The musculoskeletal system is represented by the musculoskeletal apparatus, by the tendons and ligaments and by the peripheral nerves that move in these organs.
Rotating radial vibrations in human bones (femoral, mandibular and tibia) and crystals (Mg, Co, Cd, Zn and beryl) made cylindrical shell under magnetic field and hydrostatic stress
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2023
Parvez Alam, Tabinda Nahid, Basem Al Alwan, Anup Saha
Orthotropic materials have three mutually orthogonal plane symmetries. Isotropic material has infinite number of planes and axes of material symmetry. Transversely isotropic property lies between isotropic and orthotropic. In transversely isotropic medium, at any point there is an axis of symmetry such that the material properties are same in all direction within the isotropic plane. All materials with a hexagonal crystal system like Mg, Co, Cd, Zn, beryl and ice are transversely isotropic. Geophysically, the rock formations of crust are transversely isotropic (i.e., locally polar anisotropic). Ashman et al. [1], Van Buskirk et al. [2], Knets and Malmeisters [3] and few more researchers have examined that the cortical bone tissues of the tibia, mandibular and femoral in human are generally orthotropic. Wave vibrations phenomena are used in orthopedics to monitor the rate of bone fracture healings.
Quasi-3D nonlinear flexural response of isogeometric functionally graded CNT-reinforced plates with various shapes with variable thicknesses
Published in Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 2023
Babak Safaei, Saeid Sahmani, Hamid Tofighi Asl
One of the grate candidates of specific design applications in engineering fields is functionally graded (FG) composite materials. For example, Fazelzadeh, Pouresmaeeli, and Ghavanloo (2015) fabricated FG carbon nanotube-reinforced composite plates with aeroelastic characteristics under supersonic flows. Yu et al. (2018) applied a mortar and brick microstructure design for the optimization of the mechanical characteristics of inspired biological FG composites. Sahmani et al. (Sahmani, Saber-Samandari, et al., 2018; Sahmani, Khandan, et al. 2018; Sahmani et al. 2019) fabricated 3 D-printed nanocomposite biological implants and analyzed their mechanical characteristics. Li, Sluijsmans, et al. (2020) produced FG cementitious composite beams with improved impact properties using slurry-infiltrated fibrous concrete. Prakash and Singh (2020) applied plaster mold casting to fabricate FG bio-composites for potential orthopedics. Goulas et al. (2020) investigated the influences the parameters of 3 D printing process on the microwave performance of FG polymer composites with variable relative permittivity. Cho et al. (2020) used spark plasma sintering to fabricate FG porous hydroxyapatite made of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs).
Metformin loaded injectable silk fibroin microsphere for the treatment of spinal cord injury
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Qi Han, Tiantian Zheng, Linhui Zhang, Ningling Wu, Jiaqi Liang, Hong Wu, Guicai Li
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a common disease in the field of orthopedics due to the traffic accident and trauma, etc. Severe disability and poor prognosis of SCI seriously affect the health and life of the patients [1]. The long process of treatment and rehabilitation of SCI patients not only bring heavy economic burden to the family, but also consume huge social resources as well. Therefore, how to promote SCI repair is still an urgent worldwide problem. Currently, the existing treatment methods are mainly surgery [2] and steroid therapy [3], which aims to reduce the expansion of lesions, and improve the function through rehabilitation training. However, the effect of such treatment is very limited [2], and cannot fundamentally reconstruct the biofunction of spinal cord. Cell transplantation has shown good efficacy in animal models, but there is insufficient evidence to prove its effectiveness in clinical practice [1]. Thus, until now, there is still no particularly effective way to cure SCI. From the point of view of pathophysiology, astrocytes, microglia and fibroblasts gather in the injured area after spinal cord injury, which could proliferate to form scars. Myelin protein inhibitors also gather in the injured area to inhibit the growth of axons and the directional differentiation of neural stem cells into neurons [4]. Finally, a microenvironment is formed in the injured area to inhibit the regeneration and synapse formation of axons, resulting in axonal degeneration and dysfunction [5,6]. Therefore, improving the microenvironment of spinal cord injury is of great significance to promote axonal growth and functional recovery.