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Antiviral Drugs as Tools for Nanomedicine
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Human papilloma viruses (HPVs), which are associated with cervical carcinoma, other anogenital cancers and a subset of head and neck cancers. The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection that is passed between people through skin-to-skin contact. There are over 100 varieties of HPV, more than 40 of which are passed through sexual contact and can affect the genitals, mouth, or throat. HPV can cause cervical and other cancers, including that of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus. It can also cause cancer in the back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils; that is called oropharyngeal cancer (de Martel et al. 2017; Timbang et al. 2019). Cancer often takes years, even decades, to develop after a person gets HPV. The types of HPV that can cause genital warts are not the same as the types of HPV that can cause cancers.
Does asbestos cause additional malignancies other than lung cancer and mesothelioma?
Published in Dorsett D. Smith, The Health Effects of Asbestos, 2015
There have been a variety of tissue and serological methods published to detect the presence of HPV 16 and 18. The discordant data from a variety of studies on the prevalence of HPV in oropharyngeal cancers, are in part due to methodologic reasons. The gold standard for the identification of patients with oropharyngeal tumors etiologically linked to HPV infection, is undoubtedly the detection of HPV 16 E6/E7 mRNA. The detection of a surrogate marker of active viral infection, p16ink4a, has a low sensitivity when used alone, and must therefore be combined with the detection of HPV DNA or HPV-specific antibodies. (Klozar J, Tachezy R. What are the implications of human papillomavirus status in oropharyngeal tumors for clinical practice? Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014;22(2):90–4; Pytynia KB, Dahlstrom KR, Sturgis EM. Epidemiology of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol 2014;50(5):380–6.) Japanese investigators found that 20% of HPV DNA-positive tumors were negative for serological p16, with most of these tumors manifesting DNA methylation at the p16 gene promoter. (Kawakami H, Okamoto I, Terao K et al. Human papillomavirus DNA and p16 expression in Japanese patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2013;2(6):933–41.)
Bayesian Prognosis Analysis of Human Papillomavirus-Associated Head and Neck Cancer using Hierarchical Dirichlet Process Mixture Models
Published in IISE Transactions, 2023
Ying Liao, Ning Dong, Yisha Xiang
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the seventh most common type of cancer worldwide. HNC refers to a group of malignancies arising from the anatomic sites that compose the upper aerodigestive tract (Mody et al., 2021). While the incidence of HNC has been slowly declining globally due to decreased smoking, cases of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal cancer has been rapidly increasing since the early 1970s, predominantly among young people in the north America and northern Europe (Chow, 2020). In particular, survival outcomes of oropharyngeal cancer have been shown to depend heavily on patients’ HPV status—HPV-positive (HPV+) cases have a strikingly better prognosis than HPV negative (HPV-) cases (Vokes et al., 2015; Cheraghlou et al., 2018; Alsahafi et al., 2019). Prognosis analysis of HPV-associated HNC is of clinical importance because in-depth understanding of the survival distribution and exploration of patient subtypes are valuable to design more informed treatment strategies, e.g., treatment deintensification for HPV + cancers (Cheraghlou et al., 2018). In this paper, we develop a novel hierarchical Dirichlet process mixture model (HDPMM) to analyze the prognosis of HNC patients given their HPV status. The HDPMM provides flexibility to model grouped survival data and to identify patients’ clustering structure based on their outcomes.
Simulated volume loss in the base of tongue in a virtual swallowing model
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2019
Jing Wang, Andrew Kenneth Ho, Georgina Papadopoulos-Nydam, Jana Rieger, Yoko Inamoto, Sidney Fels, Eiichi Saitoh, Chuanbin Guo, Daniel Aalto
Swallowing problems after oropharyngeal cancer treatment are common and negatively impact quality of life. The main treatment modalities include surgical removal of tumour and/or radiation therapy (with or without chemotherapy). Large lesions in the base of tongue (BOT) often require surgical resection, resulting in a bulk defect that might increase with dehydration, radiotherapy or hypoglossal nerve palsy (Wu et al. 2000; Lin et al. 2002; Urashima et al. 2006). The volume decrease impacts pressure generation between the posterior pharyngeal wall and BOT and thus reduces the driving force of the tongue during swallowing (Walther 1995). Tongue reconstruction can restore volume (Yun et al. 2010; Bittermann et al. 2015; Tarsitano et al. 2016). While there is evidence to establish an association between insufficient BOT volume and swallowing impairment, (McConnel et al. 1994; Zuydam et al. 2000; Kimata et al. 2003; Smith et al. 2008; Yun et al. 2010) it is challenging to tease apart the contribution of the volume loss from other (possibly confounding) variables such as soft tissue sclerosis, impaired muscular movement, discoordination of muscle activity, resistance from the upper esophageal sphincter, compensational failure, negative and positive pressure within the pharynx, and strength and tension of the BOT based on observational data alone (Walther 1995; Pauloski and Logemann 2000). Thus, the biomechanical causes of dysphagia still are not well understood (Kimata et al. 2003; Pauloski 2008; Myers et al. 2012; Al-Qahtani et al. 2015).
Understanding the complex microenvironment in oral cancer: the contribution of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago over the last 100 years
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Alison Mary Rich, Haizal Mohd Hussaini, Benedict Seo, Rosnah Bt Zain
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy in the oral cavity and accounts for more than 90% of oral cancer (Warnakulasuriya 2009). The common sites for OSCC are tongue, buccal mucosa, gingiva, floor of the mouth and lip. Gavidi et al. (2014) described 1916 cases of OSCC in New Zealand that had been diagnosed at the Oral Pathology Centre, a specialised oral pathology diagnostic centre at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, between 2000 and 2010. It was shown that OSCC was more common in men with the mean average age at the time of diagnosis being 63 and tongue being the most prevalent site. Chronic high alcohol intake and tobacco smoking are the most common aetiological agents of OSCC in New Zealand (Yakin et al. 2017), while chewing areca wrapped in betel leaf (betel quid) is a frequent cause of OSCC in many Southern Asia countries where OSCC is particularly prevalent. There has been a marked increase in the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) over recent years and many of these lesions have been associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The oropharynx is the part of the pharynx that comprises the soft palate, pillars of the fauces, palatine tonsils, uvula and posterior one-third or base of the tongue. It is important that carcinoma of this area (OPC) is differentiated from OSCC since they have a different aetiology and prognosis. In contrast to the oropharynx, current evidence for the role of HPV in the development of OSCC is much less certain (Lopes et al. 2011; Tauati-Williams 2019; Yakin et al. 2019a). In this paper, OSCC is defined as squamous cell carcinoma arising in the oral cavity and lip vermilion, excluding the skin of the lips and oropharynx, unless stated otherwise.