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Controlled Release of Hormones by Pellet Implants
Published in Emmanuel Opara, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, 2020
Hormones are biological molecules secreted by the endocrine glands, circulate in the blood stream, and influence the target cell by using specific receptors. Almost every cell of our body is a target for one or more than one hormone. Hormones function as chemical messengers used by endocrine system to communicate and coordinate between various organ systems in the body. Hormones govern various physiological, morphological, and behavioral phenomena. The pleiotropic potential of hormones –that is their capacity to regulate multiple traits simultaneously – renders them particularly suited to control complex physiological and phenotype changes (Hau 2007). Studying the effect of a given hormone system in an experimental setup has been there for centuries. In one of the first endocrine experiments ever recorded, Professor Arnold A. Berthold (1803–1861) of Gottingen did a series of tests on roosters in 1849 while he was curator of the local zoo. Berthold found that a rooster’s comb is an androgen-dependent structure. Following castration, the comb atrophies, aggressive male behavior disappears, and interest in the hens is lost. Importantly, Berthold also found that these castration-induced changes could be reversed by administration of a crude testicular extract (or prevented by transplantation of the testes). Similarly, in 1889 Brown-Séquard reported the effect of testicular extract from animals in humans (Brown 1889).
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
The next feature is migration of cells to different locations to adhere to each other and form multicellular structures or tissues (e.g. muscle tissue, nerve tissue, epithelial tissue and connective tissue) which may combine with other types of tissues to form organs. Organs in general have varying proportions of tissues, often arranged differently, i.e. in layers or bundles, etc. Most organs possess small similar functional sub-units, each performing the functions of the specific organ. Organs performing similar functions are often grouped together as systems. There are 10 organ systems in the human body divided on the basis of both structure (anatomy) and function (physiology). Each of these systems can be affected by exposure to environmental toxic agents whilst some play an essential role protecting the human body or minimising harm following toxic environmental exposures.
Designing Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives
Published in Naznin Sultana, Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh, Chin Fhong Soon, Tissue Engineering Strategies for Organ Regeneration, 2020
Zohreh Arabpour, Mansour Youseffi, Chin Fhong Soon, Naznin Sultana, Mohammad Reza Bazgeir, Mozafari Masoud, Farshid Sefat
There are 11 main organ systems in the human body, composed of different variations of the main tissue types. These organ systems are vital to quality of life, and if one organ within a system fails to carry out its purpose, fatality could occur, hence the need of tissue engineering intervention. Trauma is one of the main causes for organ failure, and the body responds through expressing genes, growth factors and activating cells as a healing process. Unfortunately, humans do not possess the capability to regrow limbs, such as the salamander; however in terms of natural tissue growth, the extracellular matrix for some tissues (such as simple connective) can be rebuilt to a certain extent (Krafts 2010, Zadpoor 2015).
A review of public and environmental consequences of organic germanium
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Jiangfu Zheng, Lihua Yang, Yaocheng Deng, Chenyu Zhang, Yang Zhang, Sheng Xiong, Chunxia Ding, Jia Zhao, Chanjuan Liao, Daoxin Gong
(Swennen et al., 2000) observed and learned that there was no significant difference in urine volume of organic germanium and its compounds at the beginning and end of the work week in exposed and unexposed workers. They also reported that neither groups of workers exhibited no significant health effects; However, as discussed later, the blood protein and some low molecular weight protein levels of exposure workers were slightly higher than the control group (Swennen et al., 2000). Kim et al. studied a 53 year old man with neuropathy who took a supplement containing 400 g of organic germanium over a 14-month period, to watch for muscle reflexes and pain status of his hands (Kim et al., 1998). Tomoya et al. studied a 63 year old woman who took a drug containing 36 mg of organic germanium per day for a spell of six years and had difficulty exercising and developing peripheral neuropathy (Tomoya et al., 1995). Lee et al. studied organic germanium in a variety of biological mediators and observed that at the highest doses, the heart rates of almost all men and women increased. The major organ system has only mild pathological changes (Lee et al., 2004). To sum up, organic germanium and its compounds have a potential to enter the human body through the respiratory tract, digestive tract, skin, blood circulation system and other ways. The exposure medium and pathway of germanium (organic germanium) are shown in Figure 3.
Facilitation method for the translation of biological systems to technical design solutions
Published in International Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation, 2018
Bradley V. Weidner, Jacquelyn Nagel, Hans-Joachim Weber
Biological systems offer elegant solutions to those seeking inspiration, but the systems are complex. Biological systems often exhibit highly coupled form and function and offer inspiration at multiple scales (e.g., cell, tissue, organ, system). In the authors’ experience, these factors influence the depth and breadth of analogies derived and utilized during concept generation, and, thus, impact the development of BID solutions. Most BID methods prescribe the use of analogies to correlate biological information to the problem in order to facilitate knowledge transfer, but do not offer guidance on how to go about establishing those analogies. The literature reviewed in Sections 2.2 and 2.3 shows sufficient evidence to the fact that sketching aids visual analogy formation and design performance. This paper proposes a method for introducing visual analogy making through sketching as a means to facilitate knowledge transfer during the process of BID. We demonstrate that sketches enable designers to perform BID more effectively by fostering deep connections for knowledge transfer through structural analogy rather than focusing on surface level information.
Developing neural network model for predicting cardiac and cardiovascular health using bioelectrical signal processing
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Sergey Filist, Riad Taha Al-kasasbeh, Olga Shatalova, Altyn Aikeyeva, Nikolay Korenevskiy, Ashraf Shaqadan, Andrey Trifonov, Maksim Ilyash
To extract informative features we increase the time (aperture) of the observation signal, for example, electrocardiogram, electro encephalo graph signals to a reasonable extent. It is assumed that biological patterns of ECG are indicators of a specific heart disease or a specific organ system. Then the task is to extract these patterns and build diagnostics. The duration of the analysis of the corresponding observed electrophysiological is determined by its period or quasi-period. NN-based systems show positive results in clinical experiments. However, medical experts do not adopt NN because of the black-box nature in which predictors are trained without knowledge of relationships between input features and NN outputs (Al-Kasasbeh et al., 2020a, 2020b, 2020c).