China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Nanostructured Drug Carriers for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery
Published in Yasser Shahzad, Syed A.A. Rizvi, Abid Mehmood Yousaf, Talib Hussain, Drug Delivery Using Nanomaterials, 2022
Talita Nascimento da Silva, Emanuelle Vasconcellos de Lima, Anna Lecticia Martinez Martinez Toledo, Julia H. Clarke, Thaís Nogueira Barradas
The transport through the trigeminal nerve consists of another route of connection between the nasal cavity and the olfactory bulb. This is an alternative and direct pathway for molecules to bypass the BBB. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular branches. The ophthalmic branch is the most important for nose-to-brain drug delivery since the neurons originated from the ophthalmic branch pass directly through the nasal mucosa (Cunha et al., 2017). Drug uptake can also occur through bloodstream circulation, representing an indirect pathway. It is possible, due to the rich vasculature of the olfactory mucosa and the combination of the continuous and fenestrated epithelium that allows the diffusion of small molecules into the bloodstream, reach the BBB (Crowe et al., 2018). Both drug molecular weight and lipophilicity must be considered since large molecules with a high number of hydrophilic bonds cannot overcome the BBB (Ganger and Schindowski, 2018).
Nanoemulsions in Non-Invasive Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Bhaskar Mazumder, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Yashwant Pathak, Nanotechnology, 2019
Ratna Jyoti Das, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Anup Kumar Das, Bhaskar Mazumder
If the medication administered nasally comes in contact with the olfactory mucosa, there may be good evidence to suggest drug moiety transport can occur directly via the tissue and into the CSF (Banks et al., 2004; Henry, 1998; Sakane, 1991). The upper nasal cavity contains olfactory mucosa immediately behind the cribriform plate of the skull. It contains olfactory cells that traverse the cribriform plate and lengthen up to the cranial cavity. When medicated molecules come in contact with this particular mucosa they get rapidly crossed directly into the brain, avoiding the blood–brain barrier, and very quickly reaches CSF levels (faster than intravenously). The concept of molecule transfer from the nose to the brain is called the nose–brain pathway, which is important when centrally acting agents like sedatives, anti-seizure drugs, and opiates are administered nasally. Different authors reported that the nose–brain pathway leads to the immediate drug release of some nasal medicament to the CSF by avoiding the blood–brain barrier (Westin et al., 2006). Figure 6.8 represents the nose-to-brain delivery of medicaments.
Senses in Action
Published in Haydee M. Cuevas, Jonathan Velázquez, Andrew R. Dattel, Human Factors in Practice, 2017
Lauren Reinerman-Jones, Julian Abich, Grace Teo
Smell refers to the ability to capture, perceive, identify, and discriminate smells or scents. Smell is one of two chemical senses (the other is taste). Unlike sight, hearing, and touch, which all are results of nerve endings responding to stimuli, chemical senses are unique in that they require the body to take in molecules. These senses are sometimes referred to as “gatekeepers” because they protect the body by distinguishing among potential harmful substances. As odorant molecules pass into the nose, the molecules encounter the olfactory mucosa (where the olfactory sensory neurons and receptors are located). When an odorant molecule binds with a receptor (and there are over 350 different types), just like the other senses, the information is transformed into an electrical signal that activates the sensory neurons. The signal then reaches the olfactory bulb (which is part of the brain), where it accumulates signals from many neurons and then transmits them to the other olfactory processing areas within the brain. Again, it is within the brain that we are able to make sense of the signal to recognize and identify odors.
Computerized screening of G-protein coupled receptors to identify and characterize olfactory receptors
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Rui Zhang, Pu Wang, Shunbang Yu, Philip Hansbro, He Wang
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell-surface receptors which interact with signal molecules such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and local mediators, to activate internal signal transduction pathways, and ultimately induce cellular responses (Alberts et al. 2015). Despite the chemical and functional differences of the signal molecules that activate GPCRs, all of the GPCRs possess a similar structure with seven-transmembrane domains (Trzaskowski et al. 2012). GPCRs consist of six classes based upon sequence homology and functional similarity (Attwood and Findlay 1994; Kolakowski 1994). These include Class A (Rhodopsin-like), Class B (Secretin receptor family), Class C (Glutamate receptor/pheromone), Class D (Fungal mating pheromone receptors), Class E (Cyclic AMP receptors), Class F (Frizzled/Smoothened) and unclassified (Foord et al. 2005). Olfactory receptors (ORs) belong to the class A rhodopsin-like of GPCRs (Gaillard, Rouquier, and Giorgi 2004). Olfactory receptors (ORs) are predominantly located on the surface of olfactory receptors neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory mucosa (OM) of the nasal cavity, OSNs axons are directly connected with the olfactory bulb, which is a part of central nervous system (CNS).
Rosemary oil low energy nanoemulsion: optimization, µrheology, in silico, in vitro, and ex vivo characterization
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Nupur Vasdev, Mayank Handa, Prashant Kesharwani, Rahul Shukla
Mechanism of drug administration to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) takes place via nasal cavity directly through olfactory mucosa via process of diffusion. After the drug administration in the nasal cavity, diffusion takes place into the interstitial fluid, reaches the olfactory to vascular, trigeminal nerve pathways followed by lymphatic or CSF pathways then penetrating the brain parenchyma. In general, nasally administered dose reaches the same level of concentration that reach in the blood over 24 h obtained as for oral administration. The dose administered via nasal route is often 2 to 10 times lower to the oral doses. Recently, researchers reported about the advantages of nose-to-brain delivery for drug and peptide-based systems [4,7,8].