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Extracellular Matrix: The State of the Art in Regenerative Medicine
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Gurpreet Singh, Pooja A Chawla, Abdul Faruk, Viney Chawla, Anmoldeep Kaur
The chief proteins of the ECM are collagens and elastin. They are considered for biomedical applications because of their tensile strength and viscoelasticity to tissues. Other proteins include fibronectin, laminin, and nidogen, which act as connectors or linking proteins in the matrix network. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, and growth factors are also promoting the in vivo construction of functional tissue (Mouw et al. 2014). Overall it is a challenging task due to limited knowledge and tissue to tissue variability. Ultimate goals of regenerative medicine can be achieved only if biomaterials maintain desired morphology, differentiation, proliferation, and metabolism of the cell.
Environmental factors contribute to skeletal muscle and spinal cord regeneration
Published in David M. Gardiner, Regenerative Engineering and Developmental Biology, 2017
Ophelia Ehrlich, Yona Goldshmit, Peter Currie
Extracellular collagen proteins are the primary building blocks of connective tissue (Sage 1982), and collagen fibers are the major component of connective tissue within skeletal muscle, acting to provide crucial structural support, and help transfer mechanical force from muscle to the skeleton. Collagen deposition provides principal tensile elements for tissue strength and scaffolding. Collagen plays additional roles in cell adhesion, migration, and tissue repair (Kadler et al. 2007). Collagen most commonly forms stringent fibrils arising from three polypeptides, self-assembling into supercoils (Brodsky and Persikov 2005). Collagen fibrils (e.g., collagen I, II, and III) make up most of the endomyosin, epimysium, and perimysium of the muscle (Huijing 1997), whereas collagen IV is a self-polymerizing non-fibrillar form of collagen and is a major component of the basement membrane, giving a more flexible network than fibrillar collagen (LeBleu and MacDonald 2007; Khoshnoodi et al. 2008). Collagen IV functions to provide stability through its fibrous network, and molecules are also able to bind collagen, for example, nidogen binds to laminin and collagen IV, and some molecules maybe sequestered within the network itself (Fox et al. 1991; Hudson et al. 1993). Collagen VI is another non-fibrillar collagen, forming tetramers that make bead-filament structures (Kadler et al. 2007). Collagen VI sits adjacent to the basement membrane in the endomysium with other fibril collagens within the skeletal muscle tissue (Groulx et al. 2011). Interestingly, collagen VI plays an important role in cell structure via its interactions with collagen IV, strengthening the links between the endomysium and the basement membrane (Kuo et al. 1997). Collagen VI has also been indicated in matrix-dependent cell signaling roles. It is integral to skeletal muscle ECM, and defects in this isoform leads to muscle disorders (Lampe and Bushby 2005; Bateman et al. 2009; Telfer et al. 2010).
Gene variants previously associated with reduced soft tissue injury risk: Part 1 – independent associations with elite status in rugby
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Jon Brazier, Mark R. Antrobus, Adam J. Herbert, Peter C. Callus, Georgina K. Stebbings, Stephen H. Day, Shane M. Heffernan, Liam P. Kilduff, Mark A. Bennett, Robert M. Erskine, Stuart. M. Raleigh, Malcolm Collins, Yannis. P. Pitsiladis, Alun G. Williams
For NID1 rs4660148, the TT genotype was overrepresented and the G (risk) allele carriers underrepresented in elite rugby athletes compared to non-athletes, and this association continued across RU athletes and all RU sub-groups. NID1 encodes a member of the nidogen family of basement membrane glycoproteins Ho et al. (2008). Nidogens are implicated as playing a major structural role in the basement membrane and thus the development of the ECM, particularly when tissues are experiencing rapid turnover and growth Ho et al. (2008). Therefore, they may influence the aetiology of musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries through their functions within the ECM. It appears that the TT genotype of NID1 rs4660148 is beneficial for rugby athletes to achieve elite status, possibly through superior resistance to soft tissue injury.
Culture of pyramidal neural precursors, neural stem cells, and fibroblasts on various biomaterials
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Mo Li, Ying Wang, Jidi Zhang, Zheng Cao, Shuo Wang, Wei Zheng, Qian Li, Tianqi Zheng, Xiumei Wang, Qunyuan Xu, Zhiguo Chen
Matrigel was purchased from BD (Cat.354277, BD). Matrigel was a solubilized basement membrane preparation extracted from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) mouse sarcoma, a tumor rich in such extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins as laminin (a major component), collagen IV, heparin sulfate proteoglycans, entactin/nidogen, and a number of growth factors.