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Regeneration: Nanomaterials for Tissue Regeneration
Published in Harry F. Tibbals, Medical Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, 2017
Neural stem cells have great potential for brain repair; they can differentiate into neurons and glia that integrate into the injured brain to replace lost cells. But in order to produce and maintain the differentiated gene expressions and functions of a mature cell phenotype, stem cells must be provided with an environment that sends the appropriate signals for development and growth. The ability of neural stem cells to grow and differentiate is affected by the surface morphology of their substrate matrix, the presence of the correct neurotropic factors, and interactions with neighboring cells.
Role of Nanotechnology in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Bijayananda Panigrahi, Uday Suryakanta, Sourav Mishra, Rohit Kumar Singh, Dindyal Mandal
One of the furthermost notable applications of bacteriophage and phage display technology in neural regeneration is the screening of phage display libraries on neural stem cells in order to know peptide ligands for the precise binding capacity to the stem cells of the central nervous system. Neural stem cells are self-renewing, undifferentiated, and multi-potent progenitor cells that are situated in the subventricular zone and the hippocampal sub granular zone in the adult brain of mammals (Conti et al., 2006).
Medical biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
The existence of stem cells in the adult brain has been postulated following the discovery that the process of neurogenesis (the birth of new neurons) continues into adulthood in rats. It has since been shown that new neurons are generated in adult mice, songbirds, and primates, including humans. Normally, adult neurogenesis is restricted to two areas of the brain: the subventricular zone, which lines the lateral ventricles, and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation. Although the generation of new neurons in the hippocampus is well established, the presence of true self-renewing stem cells there has been debated. Under certain circumstances, such as following tissue damage due to ischemia, neurogenesis can be induced in other brain regions, including the neocortex. Neural stem cells are commonly cultured in vitro as so-called neurospheres, floating heterogeneous aggregates of cells, containing a large proportion of stem cells. They can be propagated for extended periods of time and differentiated into both neuronal and glia cells and therefore behave like stem cells. However, some recent studies suggest that this behavior is induced by the culture conditions in progenitor cells, the progeny of stem cell division that normally undergoes a strictly limited number of replication cycles in vivo. Furthermore, neurosphere-derived cells do not behave like stem cells when transplanted back into the brain. Neural stem cells share many properties with HSCs. Remarkably, when injected into the blood, neuro-sphere-derived cells differentiate into various cell types of the immune system. Cells that resemble neural stem cells have been found in the bone marrow, the home of HSCs. It has been suggested that new neurons in the dentate gyrus arise from circulating HSCs. Indeed, newborn cells first appear in the dentate, in the heavily vascularized subgranular zone immediately adjacent to blood vessels.
Consequences of space radiation on the brain and cardiovascular system
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2021
Catherine M. Davis, Antiño R. Allen, Dawn E. Bowles
The hippocampal formation undergoes structural changes throughout the human lifespan. It is capable of dramatic reorganization, enabling environmental stimuli to impose functional and structural changes on the brain.7 The plasticity of neuronal connections functions through the generation of new neurons and synapses, which enables the brain to store memories.8 Neurogenesis is defined as the series of developmental steps that lead from the division of a neural stem or progenitor cell to a mature, functionally integrated neuron.9 The generation of new neurons from neural stem cells occurs in only two areas of the adult brain: the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the DG in the hippocampus.7 In mammals, precursor cell proliferation occurs in the SGZ throughout life,10,11 resulting in newly born cells that are capable of migrating into the dentate granule cell layer.11 Newborn granule cells pass through several developmental steps, from a dividing progenitor to a mature granule cell that is indistinguishable from granule cells born during embryonic development.12 They develop granule cell morphology, then become functionally integrated into the local circuitry13 and have action potentials and functional synaptic inputs14 about 4 weeks after division.
Construction of a decellularized spinal cord matrix/GelMA composite scaffold and its effects on neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Wenhua He, Hui Wang, Xuanxuan Zhang, Tiantian Mao, Yan Lu, Yu Gu, Dingyue Ju, Longju Qi, Qinghua Wang, Chuanming Dong
With the development of stem cells research, stem cells transplantation held promise for promoting anatomical repair and functional recovery after SCI [4]. Neural stem cells (NSCs) were reported to be one of the most potential treatment strategies for nervous system injury and neurodegenerative diseases [5]. NSCs harbored a certain ability to differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, which replaced necrotic cells and promoted the repair of the structure and function of spinal cord [6]. However, transplanted NSCs confronted a series of problems: the hazard niche brought out extra death of transplanted NSCs, poor neuronal differentiation, and leakage of NSCs from the injury site [7].