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The Role of Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy through Apoptosis Induction
Published in Hala Gali-Muhtasib, Racha Chouaib, Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment, 2020
Marveh Rahmati, Saeid Amanpour, Hadiseh Mohammadpour
Two important molecular events that are exclusively considered as apoptosis hallmarks are (1) the externalization of phosphatidylserine and (2) activation of the caspase family of proteins [16, 18]. The morphological features of apoptosis are also different from necrosis [19, 20]. Apoptotic cells typically manifest extensive membrane blebbing, shrinkage of the cell, and nuclear condensation and fragmentation; while necrotic cells show membrane disruption, cell swelling, and decondensation of nuclei [19, 20]. However, recent reports have described a form of regulated necrosis, which is initiated via the activation of apoptotic cell signaling, but terminated with necrosis features [19]. Necroptosis is activated in response to the members of the “death receptor” subset of the TNF superfamily, without caspase activation. Necroptosis occurs in cells that express the kinase, RIPK3 to RIPK1. In a normal situation, CASP-8 suppresses the activation of RIPK3 onto RIPK1, and necroptosis is activated, followed by an infection with some viruses having caspase inhibitors. The most important difference between necroptosis and other types of cell death is the involvement of RIPK3/RIPK1 and the absence of caspase activity [21, 22].
Reduction of ovarian reserves and activation of necroptosis to in vivo air pollution exposures
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Zahra Namvar, Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani, Abbas Shahsavani, Fariba Khodagholi, Seyed Saeed Hashemi, Fateme Binayi, Mina Salimi, Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar, Philip K. Hopke, Anoushiravan Mohseni-Bandpei
AMH has been suggested as the most valuable proxy variable for the indirect assessment of changes in the ovarian reserves (Landersoe et al. 2020). AMH mRNA is expressed in the granulosa cells of ovarian follicles (Salmon et al. 2004). In case of death of granulosa cells, the expression of AMH mRNA stope and the ovarian reserves is reduced (Seifer and Merhi 2014). Cell death occurs in two ways: natural death and death due to external factors (Wloch‐salamon and BEM 2013). Necroptosis or regulated necrotic cell death is one type of cell death that occurs due to external factors. The process of necroptosis or cell death begins with the activity of tumor necrosis factor and acts through the receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and ultimately activation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) (Grootjans et al. 2017; HU et al. 2020; Zhang et al. 2020).