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Perception, Planning, and Scoping, Problem Formulation, and Hazard Identification
Published in Ted W. Simon, Environmental Risk Assessment, 2019
In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) conducts the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) with the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). NHANES data are available at the CDC’s website, and include results from questionnaires, physical measurements such as height and weight, and measurements of hematological parameters and levels of various chemicals in blood. NHANES uses statistical sampling methods to ensure that the data are representative of the entire US population.86 For example, NHANES includes measurements of more than 200 environmental chemicals, including mercury in hair and blood, lead in blood, as well as dioxin-like chemicals, perfluorinated compounds, and volatile organic compounds in blood.
Organic Chemicals
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
In NHANES 2003–2004261 and again in NHANES 2005–2006, higher uBPA concentrations were associated with heart disease (pooled p < 0.001).258 A major limitation of the NHANES analyses is their cross-sectional nature, making it theoretically possible, for example, that CAD patients might have changed their behaviors and incidentally increased their BPA exposure. To strengthen the evidence for causal inference, Melzer et al.251 conducted the longitudinal study presented here, which provides the first report of similar trends in associations between higher BPA exposure (evidenced as higher uBPA metabolite concentrations) and incident CAD. The prospective design adopted shows that such reverse causation cannot account for BPA–CAD associations.
Policy Impacts of Environmental Justice
Published in Barry L. Johnson, Maureen Y. Lichtveld, Environmental Policy and Public Health, 2017
Barry L. Johnson, Maureen Y. Lichtveld
Subsequent to the EPA report [4], the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) updated their data on BLLs in young children [29]. CDC’s National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a population-based, periodic series of national examinations of the health and nutritional status of the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population. Geometric mean BLLs in the U.S. population, age 1 year and older, declined from 12.8 μg/dL in 1976–1980 to 2.3 μg/dL in 1991–1994, and further declined for the period 1999–2002 to 1.6 μg/dL [30]. This remarkable outcome is attributed largely to (1) removing lead from gasoline, which in turn reduced ambient air levels of lead, and (2) removal (or containment) of lead-containing paint in older housing. The reduction of lead levels in the U.S. population represents the single most successful environmental health outcome.
Evaluation of glyphosate exposure on testosterone among U.S. adult men
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2023
Frank Glover, Dana Barr, Jasmin Eatman, Wade Muncey, Francesco Del Giudice, Federico Belladelli, Nicolas Seranio, Michael L. Eisenberg
Data analyzed was from the NHANES 2013–2014 survey cycle (available from: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Nhanes/2013-2014/TST_H.htm). NHANES is a nationwide survey conducted annually since 1999 for the purpose of collecting health and diet information from a representative, non-institutionalized U.S. population. NHANES is unique in that it combines interviews, physical examinations, and laboratory evaluations to obtain a large amount of quantitative and qualitative data on each participant. Information on NHANES survey methods are described further in further elsewhere (Prevention 2020b). Briefly, the survey examines about 5000 persons each year from various counties across the country. The country is divided into a total of 30 primary sampling units (PSUs), of which 15 are visited each year. The complex survey design assigns a weight to each individual as a function of their probability of being randomly selected into the study, and these weightings were taken into account when building our regression models to provide reliable population-level estimates. All participants provided a written informed consent in agreement with the Public Health Service Act prior to any data collection. Household questionnaires, telephone interviews, and examinations conducted by healthcare professionals and trained personnel were utilized to collect data.
Association between phthalates and sleep problems in the U.S. adult females from NHANES 2011-2014
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Xiaomei Wu, Shan Liu, Lin Wen, Yuxuan Tan, Huixian Zeng, Huanzhu Liang, Xueqiong Weng, Yingying Wu, Huojie Yao, Yingyin Fu, Zhiyu Yang, Yexin Li, Qian Chen, Zurui Zeng, Qiaoyuan Fei, Ruihua Wang, Chunxia Jing
NHANES is a cross-sectional national study designed to assess the health and nutritional status of children and adults in the United States. It has been carried out regularly since the 1960s and was recruited through a multi-stage stratified sampling design. Detailed information about the NHANES can be obtained from the website (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/about_nhanes.htm). We used publicly available data from participants recruited between 2011 and 2014, and 1366 females participated in this study (Figure 1). We excluded those without sleep questionnaires (N = 3) and tested for urinary phthalate metabolites (N = 37). Missing covariates were automatically removed by the program when fitting the fully adjusted model (N = 170). Finally, we obtained 1366 participants. Figure 1 performed the screening process. The NHANES survey was approved by the National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Board. As this study only extracted data from the NHANES website for secondary data analysis, further ethical approval is not required.
Vitamin D status in relation to inflammatory risk and albuminuria associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in the US population
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2023
Abdel-Razak M. Kadry, Yu-Sheng Lin, James L. Caffrey, Babasaheb Sonawane
To ensure sufficient sample size and data consistency for producing reliable statistics, the data set used combined 5 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2001-2002, 2003–2004, 2005–2006, 2007–2008, and 2009-2010 following the NHANES analytic and data reporting guidelines;19,20 please also see Statistical Analysis section for details). NHANES were conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) at the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), to assess the health and nutritional status of a statistically representative sample of the civilian, non-institutionalized US population with a multistage, stratified sampling design. The protocol was approved by the NCHS Institutional Review Board, and all subjects provided written informed consent. This observational research was conducted in accordance with the STROBE guideline (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology).21