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Optimizing 3D Models of Engineered Skeletal Muscle
Published in Karen J.L. Burg, Didier Dréau, Timothy Burg, Engineering 3D Tissue Test Systems, 2017
Megan E. Kondash, Brittany N. J. Davis, George A. Truskey
Skeletal muscle tissue in vivo is composed of multinucleated, striated muscle fibers, or myofibers, which are in turn composed of organized contractile protein structures known as myofibrils. Satellite cells, located on the periphery of skeletal muscle fibers, are self-renewing Pax7 positive stem cells capable of asymmetric division, allowing them to produce myoblasts while simultaneously repopulating the satellite cell niche (Brack and Rando 2012). During the muscle repair process in vivo, myoblasts, the proliferative but fate-committed progeny of satellite cells (Campion 1984), fuse with damaged myofibers. Several sources of myogenic cells are used to produce engineered skeletal muscle, including rodent cell lines, rodent and human primary cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) (Figure 18.1). These cell sources vary in their ability to accurately recapitulate the function of native human muscle tissue.
Reduction and Fixation of Sacroiliac joint Dislocation by the Combined Use of S1 Pedicle Screws and an Iliac Rod
Published in Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Michael J. Yaszemski, Augustus A. White, Advances in Spinal Fusion, 2003
Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Michael J. Yaszemski, Augustus A. White
Two types of potential recording have been described: myogenic and neurogenic. A myogenic response is a direct muscle contraction that can be registered by an EMG. A neurogenic response is the compound nerve action potential that evokes the contraction of the muscle innervated by that nerve.
Biomaterials in Bone and Muscle Regeneration
Published in Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Tissue Engineering, 2022
Shesan John Owonubi, Eric Gayom, Blessing A. Aderibigbe, Neerish Revaprasadu
The authors noted the first objective was to create an in vitro environment that more accurately reproduces the in vivo environment of the myogenic tissue niche. Satellite cell was proliferated and differentiated under in vitro conditions and the researchers were directed the development of cells into an engineering skeletal muscle tissue. The engineered construct was capable of contractile force generation before it was implanted into a dorsal window on a rat. At 2 weeks postimplantation, the construct was producing 3.5× more contractile force than the preimplanted engineered muscle. The engineered muscle also showed robust vascular ingrowth from the host vasculature and a 40.7% increase in myofiber diameter. The authors reported that engineered muscle appeared to have a myogenic response to implantation even though it was not within a skeletal muscle niche. In addition, the authors reported vigorous recovery from an in vitro cardiotoxin injury. Juhas et al. concluded that the results from their research support using in vitro engineered muscle as a tool for drug and toxicology studies. Dr. Larkin’s group has also developed tissue-engineered muscle tissue and has used their construct to specifically repair volumetric muscle loss in an animal model. In a paper authored by VanDusen et al., they reported that a rat tibialis anterior (TA) muscle with a volumetric muscle loss injury receiving therapeutic intervention with their construct produced significantly more in vivo tetanic contractile force than an unrepaired TA (VanDusen et al., 2014). The fabrication of their engineered muscle used techniques similar to those by Dr Bursac’s group. Muscle progenitor cells, along with isolated bone marrow cells, were harvested from the soleus muscle of 120–150 g female Fisher 344 rats. Bone marrow cells were cultured in appropriate media to produce engineered bone-tendon anchors used to implant the engineered muscle tissue. The muscle progenitor cells were grown to confluence until elongating myotubes began to form and the monolayer was delaminated and rolled into a cylindrical muscle construct. In addition to determining in vivo peak tetanic force, the researchers also evaluated the regenerative potential of the engineered muscle through histological data. Fluorescent imaging revealed aligned myofibers that had developed advanced sarcomeric structure. At 28 days postimplantation, there was evidence of innervation of the engineered construct through IHC staining for panaxonal filaments and the presence of acetylcholine receptors through α-bungarotoxin staining. Immunostaining with CD31 also showed the presence of a well-developed capillary network throughout the engineered muscle tissue. The capillary network was morphologically similar to those found in native muscle, with vessels running parallel to the muscle fibers. The results from this study and others performed by Dr Larkin’s group have motivated further investigations using engineered muscle tissue to repair volumetric muscle loss in larger volume models and to explore entire muscle replacement. As previously discussed, skeletal muscle tissue is highly aligned and the force production of a muscle is heavily influenced by the muscle’s architecture.
Synthesis and characterization of UV curable biocompatible hydrophilic copolymers containing siloxane units
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Saulutė Budrienė, Tatjana Kochanė, Neringa Žurauskaitė, Evaldas Balčiūnas, Ieva Rinkūnaitė, Karolis Jonas, Raimondas Širmenis, Virginija Bukelskienė, Daiva Baltriukienė
Myogenic stem cells were derived from adult rat thigh muscle anterior tibia [49]. TA piece of muscle tissue (0.03 cm3) was placed on a plate with cold Hank’s salt solution and minced with scissors into fragments <1 mm3. The minced tissue was digested with 0.125% trypsin–EDTA, 1 mg/mL collagenase type V, and 0.3 mg/mL hyaluronidase in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), incubated for 15 min at 37 °C in a shaker bath. Subsequently, cells were separated by filtration and centrifugation to remove components other than cells, washed with IMDM supplemented with 10% FBS and antibiotics: penicillin – 100 U/mL, streptomycin – 100 µg/mL. The cells were counted and their viability measured by a trypan blue (0.4% trypan blue in PBS) exclusion test and plated onto tissue culture flasks. After 24–48 h, non‐adherent cells were transferred to a new flask. The replating procedure was repeated over a period of 7–8 days to isolate the slowly adhering cell population. Cells from passages 15–30 were used for the experiments.
Effect of gait distance during robot training on walking independence after acute brain injury
Published in Assistive Technology, 2023
Gakuto Kitamura, Manabu Nankaku, Takayuki Kikuchi, Hidehisa Nishi, Hiroki Tanaka, Toru Nishikawa, Honami Yonezawa, Taishi Kajimoto, Takumi Kawano, Ayumi Ohtagaki, Eriko Mashimoto, Susumu Miyamoto, Ryosuke Ikeguchi, Shuichi Matsuda
Recently, many attempts have been made to improve walking ability in patients with stroke, including dry needling, supervised exercise therapy, and functional electrical stimulation (Ghannadi et al., 2020; Hakakzadeh et al., 2021; Yoshioka et al., 2022). Intensive, repetitive, and task-specific training is a component of the current rehabilitative approaches in patients with hemiplegia after stroke (Veerbeek et al., 2014). Repeated walking practice is needed to improve gait ability, as motor function or activity of daily living (ADL) ability improves depending on the type of activity practiced (Veerbeek et al., 2014). However, intensive, repetitive, and often task-specific training is not feasible in the acute stage because of the severity of motor impairment; therefore, myogenic and neurologic muscle weakness occurs due to disuse. Hence, early rehabilitation of patients with stroke or brain tumors is important. Consequently, robot-assisted gait training has been used in patients with low gait ability to enable sufficient walking practice. In a systematic review in 2020, patients with acute stroke who received robot-assisted gait training combined with conventional physical therapy within 3 months from onset showed better improvement in walking independence than patients who received conventional physical therapy alone (Mehrholz et al., 2020).
Bio-interactive nanoarchitectonics with two-dimensional materials and environments
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2022
Xuechen Shen, Jingwen Song, Cansu Sevencan, David Tai Leong, Katsuhiko Ariga
Substrate viscoelasticity strongly influences cell adhesion, morphology, and differentiation [219–223]. Effective absence of viscoelastic stress in perfluorocarbon-medium liquid interface culture has interesting implications. Minami et al. cultured C2C12 myoblasts at perfluorocarbon–medium interfaces, finding suppression of myogenic differentiation even in differentiation medium (DM) [216]. Myoblasts cultured on polystyrene upregulated myogenic genes myoD, myf5, myogenin, and muscle-specific gene MHC, indicating differentiation into myotubes. Myoblasts cultured on PFO-DM retained high viability and spread but only upregulated myoD; absent viscoelastic stress in liquid–liquid interface culture weakened cellular traction force (CTF), causing mechanotransducive myf5 and myogenin downregulation, which suppressed myogenic differentiation.