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Cell-Encapsulating Polymeric Microgels for Tissue Repair
Published in Gilson Khang, Handbook of Intelligent Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 2017
Although there have been extensive studies on the use of macroscopic hydrogel scaffolds for cell encapsulation for tissue repair, limited number of studies have been performed on the use of cell-encapsulating microgels for tissue repair in vivo. Recent several in vivo studies demonstrated that microencapsulation technology may provide the needed tool to increase the viability of exogenously implanted cells (Table 14.1). For example, in a rat model of myocardial infarction, the transplantation of hMSC-encapsulating alginate microgels could significantly reduce myocardial scarring, augment peri-infarct vascularity, and improve cardiac functions.48 In another study of murine hind limb ischemia model, using a multifunctional alginate-RGD microgel that encapsulating outgrowth endothelial progenitor cells (OECs) as well as incorporating signaling molecules of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF).21 When injected subcutaneously into the mice, the microgels could induce an enhanced angiogenesis after 1 week and recovery of blood flow perfusion after 4 weeks in a hind limb ischemia model. Similarly, a type I collagen-based microgel platform encapsulating hMSCs showed enhanced capillary density, expression of endothelial markers, reduced number of inflammatory cells in a murine hind limb ischemia model.34 For the application to the brain wound healing, alginate microgels containing hMSCs, which had been gene-transfected to secret neuroprotective glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), were injected into the ventricle for the test in a rat model of traumatic brain injury (controlled cortical impact), and resulted in reduced hippocampal neuronal cell loss, and cortical glial and neuronal cytoskeletal abnormalities in 2 weeks.49
Optimal site selection and image fusion guidance technology to facilitate cardiac resynchronization therapy
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Benjamin J. Sieniewicz, Justin Gould, Bradley Porter, Baldeep S Sidhu, Jonathan M Behar, Simon Claridge, Steve Niederer, Christopher A. Rinaldi
Tissue characterization using cardiac CT has been used to identify areas of myocardial scarring. After an infarct, myocardial tissue replaced by fibrous scar and eventually, after several months, undergoes significant lipomatous metaplasia [64]. Using unenhanced CT, it is possible to identify the fat in infarcted myocardium. New-generation dual-source CT (DSCT) allows the integration of late-iodine enhancement imaging and has been shown to correlate reasonably well (52% sensitivity, 88% specificity) with LGE-derived CMR imaging [65].
Usefulness of insertable cardiac monitors for risk stratification: current indications and clinical evidence
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Amira Assaf, Dominic AMJ Theuns, Michelle Michels, Jolien Roos-Hesselink, Tamas Szili-Torok, Sing-Chien Yap
SCD remains an important mode of death in patients with prior myocardial infarction (MI) [83,84]. VA is the most common cause of SCD. Myocardial scarring enhances arrhythmogenicity due to electrical and structural remodeling. This may result in non-uniform anisotropic conduction, gap junctions remodeling, source to sink mismatch and refractoriness dispersion potentially leading to the initiation and maintenance of VA [85].