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Clinical Applications of Immunoassays
Published in Richard O’Kennedy, Caroline Murphy, Immunoassays, 2017
Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms. Mycoplasma pneumonia commonly causes upper respiratory tract infections; however, it is also a common cause of pneumonia. M. pneumonia is commonly detected through IgM and IgG-based serological assays [33]. Antibody titers begin to rise approximately seven to nine days after infection and peak at three to four weeks. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) techniques have been used with a sensitivity of 97.8% and specificity of 99.7%. A positive EIA result is best determined by comparing acute and convalescent phase sera two to three weeks apart. In general, a four-fold or greater increase in the titer of paired sera is indicative of infection. Novel antigen immunoassays have been developed and are best used for detection of M. pneumoniae in respiratory secretions; however, they have been largely replaced by polymerase chain reaction-based testing [36].
Procaryotic Cells
Published in Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver, Microbiological Examination of Water and Wastewater, 2018
Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver
Among procaryotes there are cells that have no natural walls. Mycoplasma, the smallest known bacteria, are capable of autonomous growth and are of special evolutionary interest because of their extremely simple cell structure. Mycoplasma cells are usually small, and they are highly pleomorphic, a consequence of their lack of rigidity. Their plasma membranes have sterols which are thought to help protect them from osmotic lysis. Mycoplasma pneumonia is the causative agent of atypical or walking pneumonia.
Green synthesised CuNPs using Alhagi maurorum extract and its ability to amelioration of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infected pneumonia mice model
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2022
Tian Liyuan, Zhang Lijun, Hou Wei, Jia Meixuan, Zhang Man, Yan Zhihui, Li Qingtao, Qian Xiaona, Wang Qian, Tian Jiangling, You Dianping, Wang Yakun
Pneumonia is a lung disease with high clinical signs. Many non-infectious causes, including food aspiration, hydrocarbons, foreign bodies, stomach acid, and allergic reactions, can also cause pneumonia [1]. Pneumonia is the most usual death cause in children around the world, especially in developing countries, and causes about 4 million deaths among children annually. The annual prevalence of pneumonia in developing countries is 0.29% [1–4]. Annually, 151.6 million new cases and 12–20 million (7–13%) of severe cases in need of hospitalisation are reported. The most common bacterial germ of all ages is Streptococcus pneumonia [5–7]. Risk factors such as poverty, low family literacy, low birth weight, malnutrition, and non-breastfeeding in the development of pneumonia in developing countries have been described [7, 8]. Environmental factors that increase the risk of developing pneumonia include going to kindergarten, smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, and large family populations. One of the bacterial species that causes severe pneumonia is Mycoplasma pneumonia [9–11]. Mycoplasmas are the smallest and simplest release objects known. These bacteria are probably derived from gram-positive bacteria and are phylogenetically related to Clostridia. Their genome is small and consists of a double-stranded cyclic dioxyribonucleic acid molecule containing 500 to 1000 genes [11–13]. M. pneumonia, unlike other species of Mycoplasma, is not present as part of the natural flora, and out of ten accepted human species of the genus Mycoplasma, only this species has been proven to cause disease. This bacterium is one of the causes of lower and upper respiratory tract infections and its clinical picture is progressive as slow tracheobronchitis, with restlessness and dry cough [12–14]. The pathogenicity of this bacterium ranges from mild forms of pharyngitis and tracheobronchitis to cases of acute pneumonia. A wide range of extra-respiratory manifestations such as hematologic, gastrointestinal, renal, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, immunological, dermatological, and neurological complications have been reported in connection with this bacterium [11–15]. Currently, culture, serological detection methods, and nucleic acid amplification techniques are three available methods for routine diagnosis of M. pneumonia infections. Culture-based methods are time-consuming techniques with relatively low sensitivity and require facilities as well as sufficient experience to interpret the results [11–13]. Nowadays, diagnostic methods based on polymerase chain reaction are considered suitable methods for diagnosing factors such as M. pneumonia due to their sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy [12–14]. Recent studies have reported that the metallic NPs green-mediated has significant antimicrobial effects against pathogenic microbes [15–20].