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Immunotoxicity and Safety Considerations for Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Published in Nguyễn T. K. Thanh, Clinical Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles, 2018
Gary Hannon, Melissa Anne Tutty, Adriele Prina-Mello
When discussing IONP sterility assessment in vitro, it is also important to discuss the issue of mycoplasma. Mycoplasma and its detection is determined using the recommendations from the EU-NCL (European Nanomedicine Characterisation Laboratory) in their standardized set of guidelines for NP characterization, the assay cascade. Various methods for detection of mycoplasma may be employed, but the most common utilizes PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Following incubation with an appropriate indicating cell line (to allow for amplification of low-grade mycoplasma growth), a PCR system may be used to detect mycoplasma DNA that encodes specific 16S rRNAs. This PCR system, as described by Gopalkrishna et al. is undertaken in combination with RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) to detect and identify species-specific mycoplasma that are involved in contamination.95 Optical biosensors based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) may also be used for detection, as can fluorescence microscopy employing suitable fluorescent dyes.96
Clinical Applications of Immunoassays
Published in Richard O’Kennedy, Caroline Murphy, Immunoassays, 2017
Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms. Mycoplasma pneumonia commonly causes upper respiratory tract infections; however, it is also a common cause of pneumonia. M. pneumonia is commonly detected through IgM and IgG-based serological assays [33]. Antibody titers begin to rise approximately seven to nine days after infection and peak at three to four weeks. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) techniques have been used with a sensitivity of 97.8% and specificity of 99.7%. A positive EIA result is best determined by comparing acute and convalescent phase sera two to three weeks apart. In general, a four-fold or greater increase in the titer of paired sera is indicative of infection. Novel antigen immunoassays have been developed and are best used for detection of M. pneumoniae in respiratory secretions; however, they have been largely replaced by polymerase chain reaction-based testing [36].
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
These organisms represent a heterogeneous group of bacteria with unique phenotypic characteristic that are dependent on living cells for their survival.Chlamydiae are intracellular bacteria which are more commonly recognised as a causative of upper and lower respiratory tract infections and sexually transmitted infections.Mycoplasmas are ubiquitous, small-sized organisms that infect a variety of plant and animal species and have frequently been implicated as cell culture contaminants. Pathogenic mycoplasma infection results in atypical pneumonia.Rickettsiae are Gram-negative intracellular bacteria that are more commonly associated with arthropods such as ticks and fleas. Rickettsiae cause a range of serious zoonotic infections such as spotted fevers, endemic and scrub typhus, but are readily treated with antibiotics. It is important to note that they do not cause rickets, which is a result of vitamin D deficiency.Coxiellae are Gram-negative and include coxiella burneti which causes human Q fever – which is carried by arthropods (particularly ticks), fish, birds and mammals.
Evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo potential toxicity of the extract from in vitro cultivated Anoectochilus roxburghii Lindl
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Doan Chinh Chung, Thanh Long Le, Nguyen Quynh Chi Ho, Thi Thuy Nguyen, Dang Giap Do, Duc Thang Do, Thi Phuong Mai Nguyen, Thi Phuong Thao Nguyen, Nghia Son Hoang
The human breast cancer MCF7 cells, human liver cancer HepG2 cells, human colon cancer Caco2 cells, human cervical cancer HeLa cells, human melanoma A375 cells, and normal human fibroblast cell line (WS1) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA). Human dermal fibroblast cell lines (NHDF) were supplied by Dr. Quan of the University of Science, VNUHCM. Cells were thawed and re-suspended in DMEM-F12 medium, supplemented with 10% FBS and 0.5% penicillin/streptomycin. Cells were propagated in a humidified 37°C incubator with 5% CO2 and were subcultured regularly. Mycoplasma was detected using a mycoplasma PCR detection kit.
Toxicity and applications of surfactin for health and environmental biotechnology
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2018
Vanessa Santana Vieira Santos, Edgar Silveira, Boscolli Barbosa Pereira
Mycoplasma is the smallest free-living microorganisms that act as an obligate extracellular parasite. This prokaryotic organism affects the metabolism and physiology of the host and may induce or accelerate the progression of serious diseases, including AIDS, pelvic inflammatory infections, acute respiratory inflammation, pneumonia, and arthritis (Blanchard and Montagnier 1994; Logunov et al. 2008; Meena and Kanwar 2015). However, mycoplasma frequently persists as a chronic asymptomatic disorder in humans and animals, but chronic infections have been associated with chromosomal instability and malignant cell transformation (Cimolai 2001; Feng et al. 1999).