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Toxicological Chemistry of Chemical Substances
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Gaseous methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, and isobutane (both C4H10) are regarded as simple asphyxiants that form mixtures with air containing insufficient oxygen to support respiration. The most common toxicological occupational problem associated with the use of hydrocarbon liquids in the workplace is dermatitis, caused by dissolution of the fat portions of the skin and characterized by inflamed, dry, scaly skin. Inhalation of volatile liquid 5–8 carbon n-alkanes and branched-chain alkanes may cause central nervous system depression manifested by dizziness and loss of coordination. Exposure to n-hexane and cyclohexane results in loss of myelin (a fatty substance constituting a sheath around certain nerve fibers) and degeneration of axons (part of a nerve cell through which nerve impulses are transferred out of the cell). This has resulted in multiple disorders of the nervous system (polyneuropathy), including muscle weakness and impaired sensory function of the hands and feet. In the body, n-hexane is metabolized to 2,5-hexanedione, a Phase I oxidation product that can be observed in urine of exposed individuals and used as a biological monitor of exposure to n-hexane.
Endocrine system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Hyperparathyroidism causes hypercalcaemia (high serum calcium) resulting in a range of non-specific clinical symptoms including: Fatigue and depression.Feeling thirsty and passing a lot of urine.Nausea and anorexia.Muscle weakness.Constipation.Abdominal pain.Loss of concentration and confusion.
Toxicological Chemistry of Chemical Substances
Published in Stanley Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2017
Gaseous methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, and isobutane (both C4H10) are regarded as simple asphyxiants that form mixtures with air containing insufficient oxygen to support respiration. The most common toxicological occupational problem associated with the use of hydrocarbon liquids in the workplace is dermatitis, caused by dissolution of the fat portions of the skin and characterized by inflamed, dry, scaly skin. Inhalation of volatile liquid 5–8 carbon n-alkanes and branched-chain alkanes may cause central nervous system depression manifested by dizziness and loss of coordination. Exposure to n-hexane and cyclohexane results in loss of myelin (a fatty substance constituting a sheath around certain nerve fibers) and degeneration of axons (part of a nerve cell through which nerve impulses are transferred out of the cell). This has resulted in multiple disorders of the nervous system (polyneuropathy) including muscle weakness and impaired sensory function of the hands and feet. In the body, n-hexane is metabolized to 2,5-hexanedione, a Phase I oxidation product that can be observed in urine of exposed individuals and used as a biological monitor of exposure to n-hexane.
What are the effects of simulated muscle weakness on the sit-to-stand transfer?
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Elena J. Caruthers, Grant Schneider, Laura C. Schmitt, Ajit M. W. Chaudhari, Robert A. Siston
Rising from a chair, known as the sit-to-stand (STS) transfer, is an everyday task that is necessary for independent living (Lindemann et al. 2007). The physiologic variable that consistently relates to STS transfer ability is adequate production of lower extremity muscle force (Schenkman et al. 1996; Corrigan and Bohannon 2001; Bohannon 2007). Lower extremity muscle weakness is common in the elderly (Roubenoff and Hughes 2001; Kennis et al. 2014) and those with pathologies, including knee osteoarthritis (Hurley and Newham 1993; Lewek et al. 2004), stroke (Adams et al. 1990; Canning et al. 1999), and Parkinson’s disease (Inkster et al. 2003). Decreases in strength can limit these populations’ ability to perform STS transfer (Schenkman et al. 1996; Eriksrud and Bohannon 2003; Bohannon 2007) or result in them adapting compensation strategies, including greater flexion of lower limb joints, forward trunk lean, and weight-bearing asymmetry (Alexander et al. 1991; Christiansen and Stevens-Lapsley 2010; Turcot et al. 2012). The degree of muscle weakness that can be tolerated, either globally across the lower extremity or to individual muscles, without needing one of these compensation strategies to rise from a chair is unknown. Such understanding could facilitate targeted rehabilitation for populations who have difficulty performing the task.
Validation of the ambient TUG chair with light barriers and force sensors in a clinical trial
Published in Assistive Technology, 2020
Sebastian Fudickar, Jörn Kiselev, Thomas Frenken, Sandra Wegel, Slavica Dimitrowska, Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen, Andreas Hein
With a prevalence of up to 58%, frailty is a challenge in aging societies (Sternberg, Wershof Schwartz, Karunananthan, Bergman, & Mark Clarfield, 2011). Frailty is defined as a clinical syndrome (ICD-10 R54) with the presence of three or more of the following conditions: unintentional weight loss, self-reported exhaustion, muscle weakness, slow walking speed, and low physical activity (Fried et al., 2001). Muscle weakness and inactivity are strong predictors for developing functional disabilities (Hicks et al., 2012; Marsh et al., 2011). Frailty is associated with disabilities in the activities of daily living (ADL) (Vermeulen, Neyens, Rossum, Spreeuwenberg, & Witte, 2011) and cognitive decline (Mitnitski, Fallah, Rockwood, & Rockwood, 2011), whereas muscle weakness and inactivity are strong predictors for developing functional disabilities (Hicks et al., 2012; Marsh et al., 2011).