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Asthma Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathophysiology and Management in the Current Scenario
Published in Suvardhan Kanchi, Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 2022
Manu Sharma, Aishwarya Rathore, Sheelu Sharma, Kakarla Raghava Reddy, Veera Sadhu, Raghavendra V. Kulkarni
Asthma is chronic recurrent bronchospasm that occurs on the encounter of certain triggering agents. The pathophysiology of asthma is quite complex and has many overlapping pathophysiologies which eventually lead to airway obstruction, airway hyper-responsiveness, bronchospasm and inflammatory reactions. As illustrated in Figure 2.1, asthma is caused by the recruitment and activation of immune cells like mast cells, eosinophils, T-lymphocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells, etc. that cause inflammatory and cellular infiltration in the airways causing asthma. Asthma is associated with specifically Th2 (T helper cell type-2) immune response. The TH2 releases IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 which in turn activates the B-cells to mature into IgE-producing plasma cells. The IgE cells bind to mast cells and on exposure to a certain allergen, the IgE cell provokes the mast cell to degranulate and release chemical mediators like histamine, cysteinyl leukotriene, etc. These released chemical mediators remodel the airway with deposition of extracellular protein, increased goblet cell which is responsible for mucus production, and smooth muscle hypertrophy which causes bronchospasm. Frequent exposure to the allergen decreases lung function and hence frequent assessment and avoiding exposure to the allergen are important for asthmatic patients [11]. Pathophysiology of asthma.
Nanotechnology in Healthcare Management
Published in Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Majid Kamli, Jamal S. M. Sabir, Hesham F. Alharby, Diverse Applications of Nanotechnology in the Biological Sciences, 2022
Ifrah Manzoor, Muzafar Ahmad Rather, Saima Sajood, Showkeen Muzamil Bashir, Sohail Hassan, Manzoor-u-Rehman, Rabia Hamid
These include asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, treated with adrenergic stimulants, and inhaled corticosteroids that can only alleviate symptoms and do not entirely palliate the loss of the aerobic function caused by these diseases. Long time usage of these drugs results in severe side effects. To overcome these side effects, nanomedicines provide a sight that results in the target release and high pharmacological potency (Lopes Da Silva et al., 2017; Sadikot, 2018). Inhaled nanotherapeutics provides an in-site for targeted, reduced drug dosage (Blank et al., 2017). Gene therapies also provide sight for treating lung diseases; it improves patient compliance by lowering dose frequency (Kaczmarek et al., 2016; Patel et al., 2019). Similarly, thymulin-analog gene methionine serum thymus factor (MSTF) inhibits inflammation, collagen deposition, and smooth muscle hypertrophy in the allergic asthma murine model (da Silva et al., 2014) to minimize inflammation in asthma patients.
Physical work and the Physiological consequences for the aging worker
Published in Jan Snel, Roel Cremer, H. C. G. Kemper, E. Zeef, M. J. Schabracq, P. T. Kempe, Work and Aging: A European Perspective, 2020
Studies have showed that training may improve the muscle functions' force and endurance, even in very aged subjects. Moritani (1981) found different training adaptations in the arm muscles of older men compared with young men. In the absence of any significant muscle hypertrophy, it was suggested that in the older subjects, the effect of muscle training may rest entirely on the neural factors which could be improved by training and thus result in higher levels of muscle activation. The importance of the central nervous system above muscular factors as such can also be concluded from the study of Stelmach et al. (1989) and Spirduso's (1982) statement that 'age-related psychomotor slowing is almost universally attributed to delays in central processing rather than in peripheral components'.
Partial range of motion training elicits favorable improvements in muscular adaptations when carried out at long muscle lengths
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Gustavo F. Pedrosa, Fernando V. Lima, Brad J. Schoenfeld, Lucas T. Lacerda, Marina G. Simões, Mariano R. Pereira, Rodrigo C.R. Diniz, Mauro H. Chagas
Regional muscle hypertrophy is an adaptive response to resistance training that occurs when the size of given muscle region increases to a greater extent than other muscle regions (Zabaleta-Korta, Fernández-Peña, & Santos-Concejero, 2020). It has been speculated that training in different joint ranges of motion (ROM) may indeed promote such non-uniform adaptations (Newmire & Willoughby, 2018; Zabaleta-Korta et al., 2020). Studies by Bloomquist et al. (2013) and McMahon, Morse, Burden, Winwood, and Onambélé (2014a) demonstrated that training in a full ROM (FULLROM) elicited greater muscle hypertrophy at distal muscle regions than training in the final partial ROM (FINALROM: i.e. final half of the angles of a FULLROM, taking the concentric action as reference). Of note, both studies observed similar hypertrophic responses between conditions at the proximal muscle regions. These findings suggest that training in a FINALROM preferentially induces greater muscle hypertrophy at proximal regions than in other regions, while training with FULLROM equally hypertrophies the muscle across the regions. However, neither study compared the hypertrophy responses between muscle regions within each training condition, nor did they compare the hypertrophy of different muscle regions between different muscles. These inter- and intramuscular analyses would provide greater insight as to whether, and the extent to which, ROM may influence a regional hypertrophic response.
Post-exercise provision of 40 g of protein during whole body resistance training further augments strength adaptations in elderly males
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2020
Craig Atherton, Lars R. McNaughton, Graeme L. Close, Andy Sparks
The participants completed a supervised progressive resistance-training programme that was performed on non-consecutive days, 3 times a week for 10 weeks (30 training days). A 10-week programme was chosen as increases in skeletal muscle hypertrophy are generally seen after six to eight weeks of resistance training (Staron et al., 1994). The participants trained collectively in a supervised gym environment on Monday, Wednesday and Friday, ensuring all participants completed all components of each session. Each session commenced with a standardized 10 min warm-up on a cycle ergometer at low resistance followed by a stretching session that was led by a personal trainer. Once completed they performed the resistance-training programme that engaged in whole body exercises as previously described for 1RM assessment. In addition, all participants performed the same resistance training programme which consisted of performing 3 sets of 10 repetitions (reps) for each exercise at 70% of 1RM in accordance with the recommendations for older adults (Fragala et al., 2019). One individual in the 20 g group could not perform the latissimus dorsii pulldown exercise due to a prior injury but was able to undertake all other activities. During all training sessions expert qualified personal trainers supervised each participant.
The role of exercise selection in regional Muscle Hypertrophy: A randomized controlled trial
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Aitor Zabaleta-Korta, Eneko Fernández-Peña, Jon Torres-Unda, Arkaitz Garbisu-Hualde, Jordan Santos-Concejero
Skeletal muscle hypertrophy can be defined as the increase in muscle fibre cross-sectional area (CSA) that is accompanied by an increase in muscle volume and mass. This muscle growth can occur in response to regular mechanical stimuli (Wackerhage et al., 2019), and it may not be homogeneous between the different heads of a muscle (Zabaleta-Korta et al., 2020). Muscle growth has also been shown to differ among the different regions of a single muscle head (Zabaleta-Korta et al., 2020).