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Toxicity Analysis of Ag and Au Nanoparticles
Published in Suresh C. Pillai, Yvonne Lang, Toxicity of Nanomaterials, 2019
Park et al. [40] developed a magnetic hybrid colloid (MHC) decorated with Ag-NPs for an antiviral application against bacteriophage ϕX174, murine norovirus (MNV), and adenovirus serotype 2 (AdV2). The viruses were exposed to the composite (containing Ag-NPs) for 1, 3, and 6 hours. The toxicity of the composite against the targeted viruses was analysed by plaque assay and real-time TaqMan PCR. The authors showed that Ag-NP of 30 nm (fixed on the MHC) displayed the highest efficacy for virus inactivation. The ϕX174 and MNV were reduced by more than 2 log10 after exposure to 4.6 × 109 Ag30-MHCs/mL for 1 hour. Shimabuku et al. [41] prepared Ag-NPs functionalized with granular activated carbon (GAC) for T4 bacteriophage inactivation. Ag-GAC showed a 3-log reduction of the targeted virus with few ppb Ag-ions released, far below the recommended limits by regulatory bodies.
Terpenoids Against Infectious Diseases
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Sanhita Ghosh, Kamalika Roy, Chiranjib Pal
A monoterpenoid phenol carvacrol (Table 8.1) was found to reduce Murine Norovirus (MNV) infectivity by ~3.87-log10 after only 1 h of exposure. The lack of a viral envelope makes this family of Caliciviridae resistant to most antimicrobial agents; however, exposure to carvacrol for 24 h produced a tremendous degradation in viral capsids as evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (Gilling et al. 2014). Eugenol, another monoterpenoid phenol, was found to inhibit Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Murine CMV (MCMV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) (≥90% inhibition at 100 μg/mL). Eugenol also inhibited influenza type A virus (IAV) replication by inhibiting the activation of the host’s extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and IκB kinase/nuclear factor kappa B (IKK/NF-κB) signalling pathways and thereby antagonizing their activators (Charan Raja et al. 2015).
Biodegradable Eco-Friendly Packaging and Coatings Incorporated of Natural Active Compounds
Published in Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa, Parameswaranpillai Jyotishkumar, Senthil Muthu Kumar Thiagamani, Senthilkumar Krishnasamy, Suchart Siengchin, Food Packaging, 2020
Josemar Gonçalves de Oliveira-Filho, Ailton Cesar Lemes, Anna Rafaela Cavalcante Braga, Mariana Buranelo Egea
Larrea nitida extract, when applied to agar, alginate or alginate/agar films made the films darker, with a more saturated orange-brown color, but did not affect the mechanical and barrier properties of the films. Besides, when applied to the coating of blueberry fruits, they showed antiviral activity against murine norovirus, a cultivable substitute for norovirus. These edible polysaccharide coatings that contain Larrea nitida extract are an option to reduce or eliminate foodborne viruses and protect food against the oxidative process (Moreno et al., 2020).
Evaluation of surface disinfection methods to inactivate the beta coronavirus Murine Hepatitis Virus
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2022
R. L. Hardison, S. W. Nelson, D. Barriga, N. Feliciano Ruiz, J. M. Ghere, G. A. Fenton, D. J. Lindstrom, R. R. James, M. J. Stewart, S. D. Lee, M. W. Calfee, S. P. Ryan, M. W. Howard
Aside from identifying disinfectants which are effective on porous materials, an important facet of any disinfection strategy is the choice of application method. Spraying via handheld hydraulic trigger-pull sprayers is widely used in the public sector and in many households. However, alternative application methods exist [e.g., fogging, foaming, and electrostatic spraying (ESS)]. ESS application has been traditionally used in commercial and industrial applications, and post-pandemic is becoming more common in public spaces, office buildings, and airlines (Cadnum et al. 2020). ESS application may result in changes in efficacy over other methods of application due to differences in droplet diameter and coverage evenness (EPA 2021a). Further, ESS generally covers a large surface area in shorter time and with less disinfectant than use of a trigger-pull spray approach; less disinfectant can reduce the time the surface remains wetted and thereby impact the overall efficacy. A direct comparison of the efficacy of several virucidal chemicals against murine norovirus on SS identified that chemical efficacy varies by application when hydraulic trigger-pull and ESS application modes were compared (Bolton et al. 2013). Limited information exists on the impact of application method on efficacy of disinfectants applied to porous surfaces.