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Preliminary Considerations Regarding Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment
Published in Donald A. Hammer, Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment, 2020
R. Keiman Wieder, George Tchobanoglous, Ronald W. Tuttle
Two operational considerations associated with wetlands for wastewater treatment are mosquito control and plant harvesting. The objective of mosquito control is to maintain the mosquito population below threshold levels for disease transmission or nuisance. Strategies used to control mosquito populations include effective pretreatment to reduce total organic loading; step-feeding of the influent wastewater stream with effective influent distribution and effluent recycle; vegetation management; natural controls, principally mosquitofish, in conjunction with the above techniques; and application of man-made control agents. In general, natural controls are preferred. Although man-made control agents are relatively inexpensive, most local health agencies will not approve continued use because of a concern that resistant strains of mosquito might develop.
Betel essential oil-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules as mosquito repellent spray formulations for fabric finishes
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2023
Azlan Kamari, Siti Najiah Mohd Yusoff, Siew Tin Susana Wong, Esther Phillip, Justin S. J. Hargreaves, Hidayatulfathi Othman
In order to avert proliferation of mosquito-borne diseases and to improve the quality of environment and public health, mosquito control is essential (Shahid-Ul-Islam & Butola, 2019). Repellents are practical and economical means for mosquito control. Nowadays, owing to increases of public awareness on health and hygiene, functional textiles with insect repellence properties have received great attention. Textiles with mosquito repelling features can repel or kill the mosquitoes when they come in contact with the treated textile (Ciera et al., 2019; Tavares et al., 2018). Some studies have shown that the morbidity and mortality of insect have increased when nets, tents and clothes are impregnated with repellents, as compared to materials that did not receive repellent treatment (Balaji et al., 2017).