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Coanda Effect in a Human Body
Published in Noor A. Ahmed, Coanda Effect, 2019
To understand mitral valve malfunctioning, the anatomy of a normal heart and the location of the mitral valve [47] is shown in Figure 5.16. The mitral valve is an organ that allows flow between two chambers of the heart, from the left atrium to the left ventricle. When part of the mitral valve loosely slips backwards into the left atrium, the condition is called mitral valve prolapse. The most common cause of mitral valve prolapse is the chordal elongation of the valve leaflets which, when it is detected, may also be an indication of severe mitral regurgitation.
Cardiovascular system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Calcification of the mitral valve annulus is common in elderly patients and may be associated with mitral regurgitation (Fig. 3.3). Calcification of the mitral valve leaflets may occur in rheumatic heart disease or mitral valve prolapse. Mitral valve leaflet or annulus calcification is seen on the lateral CXR inferior to a line from the carina to the anterior costophrenic angle, and on the PA CXR inferior to a line from the right cardiophrenic angle to the left hilum.
New synthetic mitral valve model for human prolapsed mitral valve reconstructive surgery for training
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2020
Dylan Goode, Sevda Mohammadi, Ray Taheri, Hadi Mohammadi
Mitral valve prolapse is caused by myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve tissue which is characterized by elastin and collagen bundles being disrupted, and proteoglycan being deposited in the spongiosa leading to leaflet tissue thickening and loosening [1]. Mitral valve prolapse disease is considered the most common reason for mitral regurgitation in the US alone while approximately 3% of adults suffer from at least moderate mitral regurgitation [2–6]. Among all these patients roughly 10% develop major mitral regurgitation demanding surgical intervention [7–10]. It is known that Barlow disease is one of the entities in mitral valve disease and refers to a most severe condition in which all the mitral valve segments are prolapsing. Carpentier technique (resection) is one of the techniques, but the main techniques currently are using neochords to correct the prolapse [11,12]. The two major types of degenerative mitral valve diseases are known as Barlow’s disease and fibroelastic deficiency [13,14]. From a clinical and echocardiographic point of view they are extensively distinct and understanding the differences between the two diseases is vital before surgery takes place as the methods, surgical proficiency, and capabilities needed to attain a successful repair surgery depend highly on these etiological subgroups [15–17]. In Barlow’s disease, the annulus is dilated and myxoid covers the whole valve with noticeable extra tissue. Conversely, in fibroelastic deficiency valves there is no additional tissue, but the valve tissue has increased transparency due to decreased thickness, and the annulus may or may not be dilated. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, a synthetic model that can be implemented to resemble a prolapsed mitral valve for aid in mitral valve prolapse reconstructive surgery training is not available and potential alternatives are based on inaccurate polymer-basis or animal tissue models which do not provide a suitable platform for multiple practices. In addition, the contamination and preservation of the tissue is always an issue in regards to the animal tissue models which has been addressed in the proposed models.