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Exploiting Arthropod Midgut Components for Development of Interventions against Infectious Diseases
Published in Hajiya Mairo Inuwa, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Emmanuel Olufemi Ekundayo, Abubakar Gidado, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Medical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutics, Forensic Science and Bioinformatics, 2022
Oluwafemi Abiodun Adepoju, Bashiru Ibrahim, Emmanuel Oluwadare Balogun
More than 17% of all infectious diseases are vector-borne diseases killing more than 700,000 people annually (WHO, 2020a). One of the most common vectors of infectious diseases are arthropods. Arthropod vectors are mainly insects harboring parasites, bacteria, or viruses causing infectious diseases (Aksoy, 2000; WHO, 2020a). These insects acquire pathogens from infected hosts during a bloodmeal; the ingested pathogens pass through the insect’s midgut into the hemocoel and finally to the salivary glands where they can infect a new host when an insect bites an uninfected person (Whitten et al., 2006). The digestive tract of insects is divided into the foregut, the midgut, and the hindgut. Mechanical breakdown of food and chemical digestion by salivary enzymes and enzymes regurgitated from the midgut take place in the foregut; the midgut is the site of production and secretion of digestive enzymes (de Sousa & Conte, 2013; Gullan & Cranston, 2014). Beyond serving digestive functions, the midgut of arthropods serves osmoregulatory and immune functions (Napoleão et al., 2019). Insects do not have adaptive immunity like vertebrates but rely on their innate immunity to fight pathogens (Yassine & Osta, 2010). The immune function of arthropod’s midgut has attracted the attention of researchers and scientists working on transmission-blocking interventions against infectious diseases. Insect’s midgut is home to various symbiotic microorganisms which also play vital roles in the development of their innate immunity (Douglas, 2011).
Properties, toxicity and current applications of the biolarvicide spinosad
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2020
Vanessa Santana Vieira Santos, Boscolli Barbosa Pereira
Previous Fernandes et al. (2019) reported the efficacy of the treatment with spinosad against Aedes aegypti. Larvae were exposed to different concentrations of the biopesticide (0.025, 0.1 or 0.25 ppm) for a period of 24 h. The number of laid eggs per female decreased as spinosad concentration increased, and considering the highest concentration tested, only 30% of the eggs hatched, in opposition to 80% reached by the control group. Further, reduction in adult lifespan of the organisms was also reported. Hence, the fecundity was negatively affected by the pesticide when the individual was treated during the larval stage, and this may be attributed to malformation of the midgut during the development of the larvae (Fernandes et al. 2019). Regarding this case, it is known that adults with malformed midguts display a disability in blood digestion and nutrient absorption, which consequently may affect ovary activation, egg production, and development (Gulia-Nuss et al. 2011).