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Synapses
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
In the case of ionotropic receptors, the binding of the neurotransmitter to the receptor opens an ion channel that allows ions to flow between the cytoplasm of the postsynaptic cell and the extracellular medium, thereby changing the membrane voltage of the postsynaptic cell. In metabotropic receptors, the binding of the neurotransmitter to the receptor may trigger changes in cell metabolism via intracellular second messengers in addition to the gating of ion channels.
Bidirectional fermentation of Monascus and Mulberry leaves enhances GABA and pigment contents: establishment of strategy, studies of bioactivity and mechanistic
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Biao Wang, Qihang Wang, Yi Yang, Xiaowei Zhang, Jun Wang, Junqiang Jia, Qiongying Wu
Mulberry leaves (MLs) contain a variety of active ingredients, such as flavonoids, amino acids, alkaloids, and steroids, and thus display various therapeutic effects, such as lowering blood pressure, decreasing blood lipids, and anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties.[8] It has been demonstrated that the amino acids and GABA content in MLs is significantly higher than those in other plants.[9] GABA is a functional non-protein amino acid generated by decarboxylating glutamate with the enzyme decarboxylase.[10] It is an important neurotransmitter that can induce neural inhibition by binding to ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, regulating neuronal excitability, and playing an important physiological role in the nervous system. GABA has physiological functions such as hypotension, sedation, and diuresis, which can delay brain decay, produce anti-anxiety activity, and treat neurological diseases.[11] GABA as a drug is generally considered relatively safe and does not exhibit significant cytotoxicity. However, at extremely high doses or with long-term use, GABA may lead to some adverse reactions and side effects, such as dizziness, drowsiness, insomnia, among others.[11] GABA can be synthesized by chemical synthesis, plant enrichment method, and microbial fermentation method. In comparison, microbial synthesis is safe, reliable, and low-cost. Therefore, the production of GABA by safe and reliable microbial fermentation is receiving more and more attention.
Neurophysiological and molecular approaches to understanding the mechanisms of learning and memory
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2021
Shruthi Sateesh, Wickliffe C. Abraham
LTP can be generated through several intracellular signal transduction pathways, triggered by both ionotropic and metabotropic receptor activation at the relevant synapses. The major excitatory neurotransmitter in the hippocampus is glutamate, which binds to three types of ionotropic receptors: α-amino-3-hyroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-propionic acid receptors (AMPAR), kainate receptors, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR), as well as a range of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR). AMPA receptors mediate the majority of the fast excitatory synaptic transmission, while NMDA receptors are critical for the induction of most forms of LTP and LTD, expressed as changes in the AMPA receptor-mediated transmission.
Intra-carotid body inter-cellular communication
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2023
Liam P. Argent, Aabharika Bose, Julian F. R. Paton
Similar to ATP, glutamate also has inhibitory as well as excitatory effects on the carotid body. It has recently been reported that the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1 is expressed in type I cells (Li et al. 2021). The activation of this receptor by a selective agonist was shown to inhibit hypoxia-driven chemotransmission (Li et al. 2021).