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Recent Advances in Microencapsulation of Drugs to Obtain Reduced Gastric Irritation
Published in Max Donbrow, Microcapsules and Nanoparticles in Medicine and Pharmacy, 2020
J. A. Bakan, T. C. Powell, P. S. Szotak
Potassium depletion associated with metabolic alkalosis is managed by correcting the fundamental causes of the deficiency whenever possible and administering supplemental KC1. This can be accomplished by administering high potassium food or KC1 solution, capsules or tablets to the patient.
Chemical footprint of textile and apparel products: an assessment of human and ecological toxicities based on USEtox model
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2020
As shown in Figure 2, the ChFs for human toxicity of top four chemical contaminants (i.e. dimethyl siloxane, reaction product with silica, ethylene oxide, magnesium chloride, and formaldehyde) are considerably higher than the rest. Dimethyl siloxane, reaction product with silica, which ranks first, is 12 orders of magnitude larger than the least toxic substance, sodium mono(2-ethylhexyl)estersulfate. Dimethyl siloxane, reaction product with silica evidently plays an absolute dominant role among the pollutants. It has a ChF for human toxicity of 1.29 × 10−10 cases, and its contribution rate is 99.39%. This pollutant is released into the environment through wastewater discharge, and the multiple exposure of humans to it will cause skin irritation. Meanwhile, the toxicities of ethylene oxide and magnesium chloride respectively rank second and third. At room temperature, ethylene oxide is a gaseous substance that is flammable and explosive. Long-time or high-dose exposure to it can cause local irritation of the skin and respiratory and neurological disorders (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2014). The toxicity of magnesium chloride is mainly derived from its own coagulation effect. For magnesium ions and their compounds, large pharmacological doses will lead to serious adverse effects, such as metabolic alkalosis, diarrhea, dehydration, and even cardiac arrest (Bingham, Cohrssen, & Powell, 2001). During the dyeing phase of warp yarn, these chemicals are discharged into the waste water mainly in the form of liquid.
Sodium bicarbonate improves 4 km time trial cycling performance when individualised to time to peak blood bicarbonate in trained male cyclists
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Lewis A. Gough, Sanjoy K. Deb, S. Andy Sparks, Lars R. McNaughton
Ingestion of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), a known buffering agent, can reinforce acid base balance by producing a state of metabolic alkalosis (increased pH and HCO3−) (McNamara & Worthley, 2001). Increases in pH typically result in a greater efflux of H+ and lactate from active musculature into extracellular compartments, due to a greater intra-extracellular gradient, whilst elevated HCO3− can be utilised to buffer against H+ within extracellular compartments (Bishop, Edge, Davis, & Goodman, 2004). The resulting effect is more work completed during exercise of high intensities, which in turn, will improve exercise capacity or performance (Bishop et al., 2004; Marx et al., 2002). It is therefore important to heighten the level of blood alkalosis via changes in pH and HCO3− prior to exercise (Gough, Deb, Sparks, & McNaughton, 2017a; Jones et al., 2016). Common practice is to prescribe NaHCO3 between a set time of between 60 and 90 mins for all participants (Carr, Hopkins, & Gore, 2011; Price & Singh, 2008; Siegler, Midgley, Polman, & Lever, 2009). In a recent study, however, it was reported time to peak HCO3− occurred between 40 and 125 min (Gough et al., 2017a), with a similar variation observed in other dose-response studies (Jones et al., 2016; Miller et al., 2016). Many participants may not therefore achieve peak alkalosis at the start of exercise, which might explain, in part, the lack of an ergogenic effect of NaHCO3 supplemented at 100 min (Correia-Oliveira et al., 2017) and 150 min (Callahan, Parr, Hawley, & Burke, 2017) in other 4 km cycling TT studies.