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Chronic Arsenic Exposure to Drinking Water
Published in M. Manzurul Hassan, Arsenic in Groundwater, 2018
Chronic arsenic exposure from drinking water leads to the development of skin cancer. Although chronic arsenic poisoning damages many organ systems, it usually first presents in the skin with manifestations including hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis. It is evident that skin cancer is more frequent in an area of chronic arsenicism. There are significant associations between these dermatological lesions and risk of skin cancer (Gentry et al., 2014; Hunt et al., 2014; Karagas et al., 2015; Zaldívar et al., 1981). The most common malignancies found in patients with long-term exposure to arsenic are Bowen's disease (intraepithelial carcinoma or carcinoma in situ), BCC, and SCC (Boonchai et al., 2000; Hunt et al., 2014). Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), an uncommon but highly aggressive cutaneous neoplasm, has also been documented at a lower frequency (Martinez et al., 2011; Wong and Wang, 2010).
Antiviral Drugs as Tools for Nanomedicine
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Cancer is classified according to the kind of fluid or tissue from which it originates, or according to the tissue/organ in the body where it first originated or developed. In addition, a few cancers are of mixed types. The following are the five broad categories of cancer:Carcinoma: It is cancer of the epithelial tissue that lines surfaces of organ/glands or body structures. They account for 80–90% of all cancer cases, e.g. melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell skin carcinoma, merkel cell carcinoma.Sarcoma: A sarcoma is a malignant tumour growing from connective tissues, such as cartilage, fat, muscle, tendons, and bones. The most common sarcoma, a tumour on the bone, usually occurs in young adults, e.g. osteosarcoma (bone), chondrosarcoma (cartilage), Erwig’s sarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma.Lymphoma: These refer to cancer of nodes or glands of the lymphatic system. The lyphatic systems are responsible for producing WBCs and clean body fluids, e.g. Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and cutaneous lymphoma.Leukemia: It is also known as blood cancer. It is a cancer of the bone marrow, which produces normal red and white blood cells and platelets. White blood cells are known as the body’s fighter cells, which resist infection. Red cells contain a special protein called haemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and then returns carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs, where it gets exhaled. Platelets support the body. Platelets also called as thrombocytes play a vital role in normal blood clotting, e.g. acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, agnogenic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, essential thrombocythemia (ET), hairy cell leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).Myeloma: It grows in the plasma cells of bone marrow. Sometimes, it is plasmacytoma, i.e. the myeloma cells collect in one bone and form a single tumour. In other cases, it is multiple myeloma – where the cells collect in many bones, forming many bone tumours.
An automated hybrid attention based deep convolutional capsule with weighted autoencoder approach for skin cancer classification
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2023
The form of unbalanced cell growth can be categorized into either benign or malignant tumour stages [6]. The benign type tumours are generally considered moles that are not dangerous, whereas malignant tumours are treated as severe cancer that highly threatens human life [7,8]. The other tissues can get damaged because of malignant tumours, and the skin layer comprises three cell types, including basal cells, melanocytes and squamous cells. These cells are accountable for leading the tissues to become cancerous, and the most severe forms of cancer are Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) [9,10]. The foremost symptoms of skin cancer are a huge brownish spot, a flat-flesh coloured lesion, a red nodule, crusted surface, itches or burns, dark lesions, a waxy bump and a bleeding sore that cures and then returns.
Nanobodies targeting the interaction interface of programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1)
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2020
Biyan Wen, Lin Zhao, Yuchu Wang, Chuangnan Qiu, Zhimin Xu, Kunling Huang, He Zhu, Zemin Li, Huangjin Li
PD-1 and PD-L1, as immunosuppressive molecules, are targets for the development of anticancer drugs. In recent years, five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting PD-1/PD-L1 have been approved. Two of these antibodies are PD-1 inhibitors (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and three of the antibodies are PD-L1 inhibitors (atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab). These mAbs have been used for the treatment of advanced melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma, metastatic gastric cancer, head and neck squamous carcinoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma and bladder cancer. However, these monoclonal antibodies do not fully diffuse across the tumor tissue or the immune microenvironment and fail to efficiently bind to their corresponding targets in vivo, leading to low clinical response rates.[11–13] In addition, mAbs have complex structures and large molecular weights that require production in mammalian cells with high costs and large clinical doses, significantly increasing patient costs.[14,15]