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Genes and Genomics
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
A distinct group of DNA-binding proteins is one that specifically binds single-stranded DNA. In humans, replication protein A is the best-understood member of this group and is used in processes where the double helix is separated, including DNA replication, recombination, and DNA repair. These binding proteins seem to stabilize single-stranded DNA and protect it from forming stem-loops or being degraded by nucleases. In contrast, other proteins have evolved to bind to particular DNA sequences. The most intensively studied of these are the various TFs, which are proteins that regulate transcription. Each TF binds to one particular set of DNA sequences and activates or inhibits the transcription of genes that have these sequences close to their promoters. The TFs can do this in two ways. They can bind the RNA polymerase responsible for transcription directly or through other mediator proteins. This locates the polymerase at the promoter and allows it to begin transcription. Alternatively, TFs can bind the enzymes that modify the histones at the promoter. This will change the accessibility of the DNA template to the polymerase. As these DNA targets can occur throughout an organism’s genome, changes in the activity of one type of TF can affect thousands of genes. Consequently, these proteins are often the targets of the signal transduction processes that control responses to environmental changes or cellular differentiation and development. The specificity of these TF interactions with DNA come from the proteins making multiple contacts to the edges of the DNA bases, allowing them to read the DNA sequence. Most of these base interactions are made in the major groove, where the bases are most accessible.
Genes and genomics
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
A distinct group of DNA-binding proteins is one that specifically binds single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). In humans, replication protein A is the best-understood member of this group and is used in processes where the double helix is separated, including DNA replication, recombination, and DNA repair. These binding proteins seem to stabilize ssDNA and protect it from forming stem loops or being degraded by nucleases. In contrast, other proteins have evolved to bind to particular DNA sequences. The most intensively studied of these are the various transcription factors, which are proteins that regulate transcription. Each transcription factor binds to one particular set of DNA sequences and activates or inhibits the transcription of genes that have these sequences close to their promoters. The transcription factors can do this in two ways. They can bind the RNA polymerase responsible for transcription directly or through other mediator proteins. This locates the polymerase at the promoter and allows it to begin transcription. Alternatively, transcription factors can bind the enzymes that modify the histones at the promoter. This will change the accessibility of the DNA template to the polymerase. As these DNA targets can occur throughout an organism’s genome, changes in the activity of one type of transcription factor can affect thousands of genes. Consequently, these proteins are often the targets of the signal transduction processes that control responses to environmental changes or cellular differentiation and development. The specificity of these transcription factor interactions with DNA comes from the proteins making multiple contacts to the edges of the DNA bases, allowing them to read the DNA sequence. Most of these base interactions are made in the major groove, where the bases are most accessible.
Therapeutic potential of a 2,2’-bipyridine-based vanadium(IV) complex on HepG2 cells: cytotoxic effects and molecular targeting
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Eman Salah El-Shafey, Eslam Samy Elsherbiny
In the same context, it was reported that liver tumor development and poor existence in HCC patients was dependent on upregulation of cyclin D1 expression and suppression of the autophagic activity [38]. Generally, the role of autophagy is complex and differs from organ to organ [39,40]. In this study, HepG2 cells showed low levels of LC3 and the red fluorescence of acid vascular organelles suggesting defect in autophagic activity. It was reported that the autophagic degradation system acts as a safeguard preventing tumorigenesis through regulation of multiple oncogenic factors (eg: Cyclin D) related to HCC tumorigenesis [41]. Thus, upregulation of cyclin D1 expression and suppression of the autophagic activity shown in HepG2 cells could be the mediator of cell proliferation, cell‐cycle progression and tumorigenesis in HCC.
Designing and evaluation of dermal targeted combinatorial nanostructured lipid carrier gel loaded with curcumin and resveratrol for accelerating cutaneous wound healing
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2023
Ajay Singh, Mohammad Kashif Iqubal, Saurabh Mittal, Farheen Fatima Qizilbash, Ali Sartaz, Shobhit Kumar, Javed Ali, Sanjula Baboota
Wound healing properties of CUR and RSV individually has been reported in literature both drugs having antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, angiogenic, and tissue regenerative properties (Sidhu et al. 1999; Panchatcharam et al. 2006; Huang et al. 2019; Zhou et al. 2021b). CUR promotes dermal wound healing by reducing ROS, lipid peroxidation and inflammatory cytokines (Mohanty, Das, and Sahoo 2012; Tejada et al. 2016). The inhibitory effect of CUR on oxidative stress is by regulating lipid peroxidase that acts through scavenging free radicles for which phenolic hydroxyl group present in CUR structure is responsible. CUR also decreases the expression of AP1 (transcription factor protein 1) and NFkB, which are responsible for regulation of proinflammatory mediator expression and decrease migration of inhibition proteins (Menon and Sudheer 2007). CUR down-regulates the NFkB pathway that causes depletion in inflammation and lipid peroxidation. CUR accelerate wound healing by acting on inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phase of wound healing process (Mohanty and Sahoo 2017). RSV exhibits potent antioxidant effect and also has unique properties to modulates tissue regeneration, microcirculation, and production of cytokines that promote wound healing. RSV also activated AMPK signaling pathway and promotes wound healing by effective vascularization. RSV reduce the production of proinflammatory factor and upregulate the level of Silent information regulator1 (SIRT1) that improve endothelial function and angiogenic properties, thus RSV is beneficial in promoting wound healing (Zhao et al. 2020).
Comparative assessment of blood glucose monitoring techniques: a review
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2023
Nivad Ahmadian, Annamalai Manickavasagan, Amanat Ali
Platinum nanoparticles are highly reactive with hydrogen peroxide, which increases the oxidation rate. A higher oxidation rate can lead to interference for the detector. In addition to platinum nanoparticles, the presence of ascorbic acid, acetaminophen, uric acid, and lactic acid can generate noisy over potential [14]. Interference reduction can be carried out by coating the electrode with a perm-selective polymer membrane or reducing the over-potential with an electro-catalytic medium. Prussian blue can act as the mediator to decrease the reaction potential to almost zero voltage. The robust defect of voltage and oxidation on the accuracy of the first-generation sensors makes them unreliable. The second-generation GOx electrode sensors utilise a reduction-oxidation (Redox) mediator to interact with the enzyme. The mediator (M) facilitates the electron exchange process between the redox-active coenzyme of Flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and glucose molecules with the electrode surface [21–23].