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Clinical Effects of Pollution
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
By using this procedure, the major reward centers have been found to be located along the course of the medial forebrain bundle, especially in the lateral and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus. It is strange that the lateral nucleus should be included among the reward areas; indeed, it is one of the most potent of all because even stronger stimuli in this area can cause rage. However, this is true in many areas, with weaker stimuli giving a sense of reward and stronger ones a sense of punishment.14 Less potent reward centers, which are perhaps secondary to the major ones in the hypothalamus, are found in the septum, the amygdala, certain areas of the thalamus and basal ganglia, and extending downward into the basal tegmentum of the mesencephalon. These studies illustrate the phenomenon the clinician sees in the hypersensitive patient who has mold, food, and chemical hypersensitivity, before preventive neutralization diagnosis and treatment. This procedure when performed under environmentally controlled conditions appears to step into the low-dose and high-dose stimulation by injecting specific doses of higher and lower coordination of antigens. Thus, the clinician can stimulate chemically sensitive patients or inhibit antigens with the overreaction by finding the proper dose of the antigen.
Voltammetric Detection of Neurotransmitter Release
Published in Richard P. Buck, William E. Hatfield, Mirtha UmañA, Edmond F. Bowden, Biosensor Technology Fundamentals and Applications, 2017
We have used these criteria to identify dopamine in the caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens following electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (37b,48). Several other laboratories have adopted our stimulation protocol and have confirmed our results. For example, it has been confirmed that DOPAC is formed on a much slower time scale than seen in Figure 1 (49). In our original work (37), we employed stimulation frequencies of 60 Hz only. In part this was because our limit of detection for dopamine was sufficiently high so that the lower concentrations which are a result of lower stimulation frequencies were difficult to detect. As a result of instrumentation improvements and data processing we are now capable of detecting the 100 nM concentration that occurs as a result of 10 Hz stimuli. Recently, others have reported the detection of 40 nM using our instrumentation and approach (50).
Human Thermoregulation System and Comfort
Published in Guowen Song, Faming Wang, Firefighters’ Clothing and Equipment, 2018
For stimulations detected by central thermosensors, signals are transmitted from the sensitive neurons to the hypothalamus via the periventricular stratum and medial forebrain bundle. Thermosensitivity of warm-sensitive neurons are due to currents that determine the rate of spontaneous depolarization between successive action potentials. Theses sensors are regarded as pacemaker. However, the sensitivity of hypothalamic thermosensitivity is still disputed (Romanovsky, 2006).
Deep brain stimulation programming strategies: segmented leads, independent current sources, and future technology
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Bhavana Patel, Shannon Chiu, Joshua K. Wong, Addie Patterson, Wissam Deeb, Matthew Burns, Pamela Zeilman, Aparna Wagle-Shukla, Leonardo Almeida, Michael S. Okun, Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora
To optimally utilize directional programming, it is critical to understand the anatomical structural and functional connections of the STN region. The STN is a small lens-shaped structure located in the anterior-lateral part of the midbrain. It is bordered by the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) ventrally; internal capsule anterolaterally; the medial lemniscus posteriorly; the red nucleus, the medial forebrain bundle, the oculomotor nerve fibers medially; rostral zona incerta and fields of Forel dorsally (Figure 4) [64,82,83]. In addition to these neighboring anatomical structures, the STN has been described to be divided into territories (i.e., motor, limbic, and associative) [84]. Majority of studies report using the contacts located in the dorsolateral aspect of the STN to be the most effective and efficient stimulation to reduce PD motor symptoms [74,75]. Some examples of stimulation induced side-effects in STN-DBS include contralateral muscle contractions (internal capsule), dysconjugate gaze or diplopia (oculomotor nerve fibers), autonomic dysfunction (medial zonal incerta, red nucleus, or hypothalamus), paresthesia (medial lemniscus), dysarthria (internal capsule or cerebello-thalamic tracts), and mood changes (substantia nigra, ventromedial limbic region of STN, medial forebrain bundle region).