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Deadly Canine Distemper: A Global Multispecies Disease
Published in Moayad N. Khalaf, Michael Olegovich Smirnov, Porteen Kannan, A. K. Haghi, Environmental Technology and Engineering Techniques, 2020
V. Naveenkumar, K. Porteen, M. Vijaya Bharathi, B. S. Pradeep Nag
In 1905, Henri Care described the first incidence of Canine Distemper (CD) in France (Sykes, 2013). CD is the worldwide contagious disease of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) due to its high case fatality rate next to rabies (Swango, 1995). Domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) with CDV possessing 100% case fatality rate (Davidson, 1986) whereas 50–70% of domestic dogs with CDV infection may remain subclinical and or asymptomatic carriers (Greene and Appel, 1990). CDV is closely related to human measles virus which suggested using the dog as sentinel model to study the pathogenesis of measles virus. The nondomestic animals for instance raccoon infects the domestic dogs which may cause severe interspecies transmission of CDV. Among the wildlife population, CDV may highly be influenced by catastrophic outbreaks with high mortality (Sykes, 2013).
Lignin in Biological Systems
Published in Severian Dumitriu, Valentin Popa, Polymeric Biomaterials, 2020
However, examining the antiviral activity of EP3 and LS, it was found that these drugs prevented the cytopathic effects of DNA viruses (herpes simplex viruses) and RNA viruses (Western equine encephalitis virus, polio virus, and measles virus) in VERO-317 cells derived from African green monkey kidney, although giant cell formation did not occur. In addition, the oral administration of lignin derivative (LEM) improved hepatic functions in hepatitis-B patients. These results suggest that lignin derivatives can affect cellular metabolism in cells other than macrophages.
Azadirachta indica: Imperative Mini-Opinions on an Ethnopharmacological Savior
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Swati Gokul Talele, Tatiana G. Volova, A. K. Haghi, Biologically Active Natural Products, 2020
Anshda Bhatnagar, Debarshi Kar Mahapatra
Extracts of aqueous Neem leaf exerts an antiviral activity opposite to the Vaccinia virus, Chikungunya, and Measles virus (in vitro) [38]. Rao et al. [39] found that a 10% water extract of tender leaves, exhibits antiviral activity against vaccinia and variola viruses. Virucidal and antiviral effects of the methanolic extract taken from Neem leaves (NCL-11) have been demonstrated against group-B-coxsackie viruses [40]. Parida et al. [41] reported the stoppage of the potential of Neem leaves on Dengue virus type-2 replication. Aqueous neem leaf extricates showed low to moderate suppression of the viral DNA polymerase of the hepatitis B virus [42].
Vanadium(IV) coordination complexes with excellent biological activities: a synthetic, characterization, and density functional theory approach
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2022
Sonika Sharma, Debasish Das, Biswajit Sadhu, Neeraj Sharma
HeLa derivative cells Hep2C (Human Cervix carcinoma) (Catalogue number 85020207) susceptible to measles virus and arboviruses was used. The line carries several HeLa marker chromosomes indistinguishable from HeLa by STR HeLa, Ethnicity: Black. The cells were trypsinized, and confluent monolayer of the cells was washed two times with phosphate-buffer (pH 7.2) saline and then exposure to Trypsin-EDTA disaggregating solution (100 mg % EDTA and 125 mg % Trypsin 1:250; Sigma Chemical Co. St. Louis, USA) for two minutes. The disaggregating solution was then incubated at 37 °C for 3–5 min. The disaggregated cells were resuspended in appropriate volume of Eagels’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with fetal calf serum (10%, v/v) and adjusted to a cell density of 4 × 103 cells/mL which were then used for testing the complexes.
Mathematical model based on the radiosity method for estimating the efficiency of in-duct UVGI systems
Published in Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2022
Emilio-José Sarabia-Escriva, Víctor-Manuel Soto-Francés, José-Manuel Pinazo-Ojer
The effects of UV on organisms were first described in 1877 by (Downes and Blunt 1877), but it was not until 1937 when the first application appeared. This application consisted of using ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) system to control the spread of the measles virus (Wells, Wells, and Wilder 1942). Another strategy based on using the UVGI in the ventilation system was described by (Ryan et al. 2011). They observed a significant reduction in cases associated with pneumonia in a neonatal intensive care unit. Nowadays, UVGI systems are used in water, air and surfaces disinfection. UVGI air disinfection has different modes of use: irradiation of the upper-room air (Kanaan et al. 2015); in these cases it is vital to carry out a study to ensure the safety (Hou, Pantelic, and Aviv 2021) and the effectiveness (Noakes, Beggs, and Sleigh 2004) of the system and the quality of the indoor air (Kanaan 2019); irradiation of the entire room when there is no occupancy (Krishnamoorthy and Tande 2016); irradiation of the air through ducts (Luo and Zhong 2021) and irradiation over surfaces. (Reed 2010) extensively analyses the different applications of this technology in air cleaning. Some studies analyze the combination of different disinfection strategies. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2003) recommend using UVGI systems as a complement, not as a substitute, for filters in healthcare facilities.
Significant biopolymers and their applications in buccal mediated drug delivery
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
The measles vaccine has been formulated with the help of a spray drying technique. The formulated measles vaccine has been prepared with the help of biocompatible and biodegradable bovine serum albumin (BSA). The vaccine microparticles have been optimally fused with an orally disintegrating film, for efficient and controlled drug delivery [30]. An orally disintegrating film (ODF) formulation is a film, i.e. formulated using hydrophilic polymers, having the ability to dissolve readily in the mouth. The orally disintegrating film has many benefits such as ease of delivery and it can be easily produced commercially. There are a lot of advantages of using orally disintegrating film in vaccine formulations such as they allow precise delivery at the required site and easily incorporated in adults as well as infants safely. Most importantly, the orally disintegrating film mainly provides innate immunity by inducing an immune response against the measles virus. The vaccine is non-toxic to normal cells when incorporated at a greater concentration. The vaccine has been shown to elicit an innate immune response in vitro. The vaccine has also shown elevation in the levels of antigen presentation and helps in stimulating innate immune responses in vivo [31]. The effectiveness of the ODF vaccine has been measured by dosing in juvenile pigs. From the experimentally obtained data, results have shown higher levels of antibody production and proved it to be a better formulation when compared to non-invasive immunization. The vaccine is thus a potential therapeutic intervention as it promises higher patient compliance and it is more economically feasible for the patients [32].