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Molecular Farming through Plant Engineering: A Cost-Effective Approach for Producing Therapeutic and Prophylactic Proteins
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2020
Prakash Narayana Reddy, Krupanidhi Srirama, Vijaya R. Dirisala
Agrobacterium mediated and particle bombardment mediated methods are best suited for achieving stable transformations and have long history of successful transgene expression (Massa et al., 2018). Expression of transgene through nuclear transformation allows stable expression for several generations and thus this process is most scalable approach for commercial scale production of therapeutics. However, it is marred by several complexities such as transgene integration into random regions of genome with wide levels of gene expression, occurrence of transgene silencing and public concern over GM plants. Stable expression through chloroplast genome (transplastomic expression) have several advantages such as higher expression levels than stable nuclear transformation, higher copy number and absence of gene silencing mechanism and suppressing environmental concerns since chloroplasts are inherited through maternal inheritance thus chloroplasts are never present in pollen thus eliminating escape of transgenes (Cardi et al., 2010). Despite having great advantage for whole-plant transgenic approach to play influential role in PMP’s, this approach is labor-intensive and time taking with 12–18 months lead time (Gleba et al., 2005). Several generations are needed to select plants bearing all chloroplasts having transgene (homoplasmic state) and the chloroplasts lacks most post-translational modifications and thus are successful in limited species (Massa et al., 2018).
Should Long-Term Follow-up Post-Mitochondrial Replacement be Left up to Physicians, Parents, or Offspring?
Published in The New Bioethics, 2019
The resultant females born via MR may be at risk of transmitting unremoved pathogenic mtDNA mutations to subsequent generations via maternal inheritance. For this reason, the need for intergenerational follow-up has been emphasized in previous and on-going discussions on the clinical use of MR (Nuffield_Council_on_Bioethics 2012b, Barber and Border 2015, Dupras-Leduc et al. 2018). Conversely, to completely avoid this, a policy of transferring only male embryos in initial MR trials has been proposed (Board_on_Health_Sciences_Policy_Institute_of_Medicine. 2016).