China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Health Sector at the Crossroads
Published in Ahmed Elngar, Ambika Pawar, Prathamesh Churi, Data Protection and Privacy in Healthcare, 2021
Arindam Chakrabarty, Uday Sankar Das, Saket Kushwaha
Word Health Organization estimates the global average number of maternal deaths to be around 295,000 with a lifetime risk of maternal death of 1 in every 190 cases. However, there also has been a decrease in the overall maternal mortality ratio between 2000 and 2017 which stands at 38.4%, and the annual average rate of reduction in the maternal mortality ratio was 2.9% for the same period [5]. Early childhood development has long-term consequences on human life; similarly, health and learning are interrelated for holistic development but are separately planned despite evidence that points out that the foundation of a healthy life-long journey is development in early childhood [6]. Global estimates suggest that around 1.7 million children are living with HIV, with around 5,000 new infections contracted per day by both adults and children. A staggering total of 37.9 million people are living with HIV infection, out of which 36.2 million are adults. The total number of deaths due to HIV stood at 770,000 out of which 100,000 were children in the year 2018. It was also pointed out that there has been an overall 33% reduction in AIDS-related mortality since 2010 [7]. One of the most important mechanisms to curb new HIV infections is a health information system; 62% of countries had some sort of functional health information system in the year 2017, and 90% of countries reported their HIV data through the Global AIDS Monitoring system in 2018. Interestingly 51% of HIV-infected people find out their infection status only when they acquire TB [8].
The Global Problem in Gender Inequality
Published in Esra Ozdenerol, Gender Inequalities, 2021
Maternal mortality rate is an essential indicator for improving maternal health. Death of a woman is classified as a maternal death when it occurs while she is pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from any cause connected to or caused by the pregnancy, but not from accidental or incidental causes. It is classified as pregnancies resulting in deaths per 100,000 live births. Maternal deaths are easier classified this way when the cause of death attribution is not sufficient. Women below the age of 18 tend be at a higher risk for maternal mortality than woman aged between 18 and 19. Since 1990, maternal mortality has declined by 44%. Still, some 830 women and adolescent girls die each day from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. Figure 1.10 shows the mortality rate. According to the World Health Organization, 99% of all maternal deaths occur in developing countries, with more than half in fragile humanitarian settings (Klasen 2006). Additionally, maternal mortality is higher with women living in rural areas and among poorer communities. Both factors are the reason why Africa has a lot of maternal deaths. Haiti (521) in the western hemisphere and Sierra Leone (1165), South Africa (475), Malawi (439), Benin (391), and Uganda (336) in Africa have the highest deaths per 100,000 live births.
Application of PPG to Global Health
Published in Mohamed Elgendi, PPG Signal Analysis, 2020
This case study shows how the blood oxygen saturation level (SpO2) can indicate the pregnancy disorder preeclampsia (PE), which is characterized by high blood pressure and proteinuria. Worldwide, it effects approximately 3–8% of all pregnancies and is responsible for approximately 18.5% of maternal deaths each year.[168] The burden of PE is disproportionately felt in LMICs, where it is estimated that PE causes approximately 99% of annual maternal and perinatal deaths.[169]
Environmental contaminants and preeclampsia: a systematic literature review
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2018
Emma M. Rosen, MG Isabel Muñoz, Thomas McElrath, David E. Cantonwine, Kelly K. Ferguson
Preeclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality globally with an estimated prevalence of approximately 2–8% (Duley 2009; Khan et al. 2006). Nearly 99% of maternal deaths resulting from pregnancy or childbirth complications occur in low- and middle-income countries, and an estimated 10–15% of those deaths are associated with preeclampsia and eclampsia (Duley 1992; Khan et al. 2006; Lerberghe et al. 2005). Although maternal mortality is lower in high-income countries such as the United States, preeclampsia and eclampsia are still associated with approximately 10–15% of maternal deaths (Ananth, Savitz, and Bowes 1995). Even after the resolution of preeclamptic pregnancy, women face increased risk of cardiovascular events later in life (Ahmed et al. 2014; Irgens et al. 2001; Kestenbaum et al. 2003; Mongraw-Chaffin, Cirillo, and Cohn 2010). A meta-analysis involving 43 studies identified elevated risk for cerebrovascular disease (OR: 2.28 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.87, 2.78]), stroke (OR: 1.76 [95% CI: 1.43, 2.21]), and hypertension (RR: 3.13 [95% CI: 2.51, 3.89]) for women with a history of preeclampsia or eclampsia (Brown et al. 2013). Further, Williams and Broughton Pipkin (2011) suggested that women may also be at an increased long-term risk of diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, thromboembolism, hypothyroidism, and impaired memory. In addition, a preeclamptic pregnancy poses risks for the fetus including preterm birth and all corresponding conditions, neonatal thrombocytopenia, and restricted fetal angiogenesis (Backes et al. 2011).
Safety and quality in maternal and neonatal care: the introduction of the modified WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist
Published in Ergonomics, 2018
Sara Albolino, Giulia Dagliana, Dariana Illiano, Michela Tanzini, Francesco Ranzani, Tommaso Bellandi, Ismaele Fusco, Irene Bellini, Giulia Carreras, Mariarosaria Di Tommaso, Riccardo Tartaglia
According to a recent study (WHO 2015), the Global Maternal Mortality Rate has fallen globally from the 1990 level of 385 to the 2015 level of 216. This translates to a decrease of over 43% in the estimated annual number of maternal deaths, from 532,000 in 1990 to 303,000 in 2015. In developed regions1, the maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) decrease from 23 in 1990 to 12 in 2015, and the number of maternal death from 3500 to 1700. In developing countries, the maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) was 430 in 1990 and 239 in 2015, while the number of maternal deaths was 539,000 in 1990 and 302,000 in 2015 (WHO 2015). In developed regions, the main direct cause of maternal death is hemorrhage (16, 3%), followed by embolism (13, 8%), hypertension (12, 9%), abortion (7, 5%), complication during delivery (5, 2%) and sepsis (4, 7%). Most of the death due to haemorrhage occurs during post-partum period (8%) followed by antepartum (4, 8%) and intrapartum (3,5%) (Say et al. 2014). Effective prevention and management of conditions in late pregnancy, childbirth and the early new-born period are likely to reduce the numbers of maternal deaths, antepartum- and intrapartum-related stillbirths and early neonatal deaths significantly. Therefore, improvement of the quality of preventive and curative care during this critical period could have the greatest impact on maternal, fetal and new-born survival. The following thematic areas are some of those considered high priorities for evidence-based practices in routine and emergency care: routine care during childbirth, including monitoring of labour and new-born care at birth; management of pre-eclampsia, eclampsia and its complications; management of difficult labour with safe, appropriate medical techniques; management of post-partum haemorrhage and management of maternal and new-born infections (WHO 2016).