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Health Sector at the Crossroads
Published in Ahmed Elngar, Ambika Pawar, Prathamesh Churi, Data Protection and Privacy in Healthcare, 2021
Arindam Chakrabarty, Uday Sankar Das, Saket Kushwaha
Word Health Organization estimates the global average number of maternal deaths to be around 295,000 with a lifetime risk of maternal death of 1 in every 190 cases. However, there also has been a decrease in the overall maternal mortality ratio between 2000 and 2017 which stands at 38.4%, and the annual average rate of reduction in the maternal mortality ratio was 2.9% for the same period [5]. Early childhood development has long-term consequences on human life; similarly, health and learning are interrelated for holistic development but are separately planned despite evidence that points out that the foundation of a healthy life-long journey is development in early childhood [6]. Global estimates suggest that around 1.7 million children are living with HIV, with around 5,000 new infections contracted per day by both adults and children. A staggering total of 37.9 million people are living with HIV infection, out of which 36.2 million are adults. The total number of deaths due to HIV stood at 770,000 out of which 100,000 were children in the year 2018. It was also pointed out that there has been an overall 33% reduction in AIDS-related mortality since 2010 [7]. One of the most important mechanisms to curb new HIV infections is a health information system; 62% of countries had some sort of functional health information system in the year 2017, and 90% of countries reported their HIV data through the Global AIDS Monitoring system in 2018. Interestingly 51% of HIV-infected people find out their infection status only when they acquire TB [8].
Conceptual evolution of UN policies on environment, development and disaster reduction
Published in Kuniyoshi Takeuchi, Integrated Flood Risk Management, 2023
Under those goals, targets and indicators were rearranged into 21 and 60 for monitoring purpose after some iterations of discussions (UNICEF: web-site on MDGs monitoring). To set the time-bounded numerical targets and monitor them were epoch-making in UN initiatives. Since all governments seriously committed and made considerable efforts to carry them out jointly with various international organizations, many targets were well achieved by 2015. The final assessment “The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015” (UN, 2015a) of the UN indicated such as: In 1990, nearly half of the population in the developing world lived on less than $1.25 a day; that proportion dropped to 14 percent in 2015.The developing regions’ primary school net enrolment rate has reached 91 percent in 2015, up from 83 percent in 2000.In Southern Asia, only 74 girls were enrolled in primary school for every 100 boys in 1990. Today, 103 girls are enrolled for every 100 boys.The global under-five mortality rate has declined by more than half, dropping from 90 to 43 deaths per 1000 live births between 1990 and 2015.Since 1990, the maternal mortality ratio has declined by 45 percent worldwide, and most of the reduction has occurred since 2000.In 2015, 91% of the global population is using an improved drinking water source, up from 76% in 1990 – the target was met 5 years ahead of the 2015 deadline. Thus, the MDGs achievements were outstanding in many cases. Nevertheless, they were uneven in the world and not complete at all. The efforts were therefore necessary to be continued.
Safety and quality in maternal and neonatal care: the introduction of the modified WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist
Published in Ergonomics, 2018
Sara Albolino, Giulia Dagliana, Dariana Illiano, Michela Tanzini, Francesco Ranzani, Tommaso Bellandi, Ismaele Fusco, Irene Bellini, Giulia Carreras, Mariarosaria Di Tommaso, Riccardo Tartaglia
According to a recent study (WHO 2015), the Global Maternal Mortality Rate has fallen globally from the 1990 level of 385 to the 2015 level of 216. This translates to a decrease of over 43% in the estimated annual number of maternal deaths, from 532,000 in 1990 to 303,000 in 2015. In developed regions1, the maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) decrease from 23 in 1990 to 12 in 2015, and the number of maternal death from 3500 to 1700. In developing countries, the maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) was 430 in 1990 and 239 in 2015, while the number of maternal deaths was 539,000 in 1990 and 302,000 in 2015 (WHO 2015). In developed regions, the main direct cause of maternal death is hemorrhage (16, 3%), followed by embolism (13, 8%), hypertension (12, 9%), abortion (7, 5%), complication during delivery (5, 2%) and sepsis (4, 7%). Most of the death due to haemorrhage occurs during post-partum period (8%) followed by antepartum (4, 8%) and intrapartum (3,5%) (Say et al. 2014). Effective prevention and management of conditions in late pregnancy, childbirth and the early new-born period are likely to reduce the numbers of maternal deaths, antepartum- and intrapartum-related stillbirths and early neonatal deaths significantly. Therefore, improvement of the quality of preventive and curative care during this critical period could have the greatest impact on maternal, fetal and new-born survival. The following thematic areas are some of those considered high priorities for evidence-based practices in routine and emergency care: routine care during childbirth, including monitoring of labour and new-born care at birth; management of pre-eclampsia, eclampsia and its complications; management of difficult labour with safe, appropriate medical techniques; management of post-partum haemorrhage and management of maternal and new-born infections (WHO 2016).