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Glycan-Based Nanocarriers in Drug Delivery
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Drug Delivery Approaches and Nanosystems, 2017
Songul Yasar Yildiz, Merve Erginer, Tuba Demirci, Juergen Hemberger, Ebru Toksoy Oner
Mannan is one of the important members of the hemicellulose family. Mannan is present in four different forms, each having a β-1,4-linked backbone containing mannose (linear mannan) or a combination of glucose and mannose residues (glucomannan) and occasional side chains of α-1,6-linked galactose residues (galactomannan/galactoglucomannan) (Yasar Yildiz and Toksoy Oner, 2014). Its mucoadhesive properties and highly flexible conformation make mannan a highly preferred polymer for cancer targeting nanobased material (Jain et al., 2010). In many studies, mannans with various molecular weight and functional modifications have been used as a drug delivery agent (Apostolopoulos et al., 2006). It is known that like the other glycans, mannans are powerful anticancer agents as they are natural ligands for mannose receptors, which are widely present on dendritic cells (Martin and Jiang, 2010). Budzynska et al. (2007) revealed that mannan-methotrexate conjugate improved antitumor activity significantly when compared with free methotrexate in mouse model of leukemia. Nanoparticles coated with galactomannan were developed and investigated for endocytosis by macrophages, dendritic cells, and liver cells and the results indicated that liver and colon macrophages and mouse brain were targeted easily by mannosylated liposomes (Gupta et al., 2009; Park et al., 2005b).
Naturally Occurring Polymers—Plants
Published in Charles E. Carraher, Carraher's Polymer Chemistry, 2017
Mannans are found in plants, particularly some seeds, and in some microorganisms such as algae and yeasts. Xylans are an important component of “hemicellulose,” the base soluble materials closely associated with cellulose that are present in the secondary cell walls of higher plants. They are generally composed of β 1 → 4 linked d-xylopyranose units, thus the name. Arabinans are also plant material being present as a component of cell walls. Most arabinose-containing polysaccharides are actually combinations containing the various saccharide units, though there are some that contain largely only arabinose units.
Nanoparticulate Systems for Lung Cancer Targeted Therapy
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Natália Cruz-Martins, Biogenic Nanomaterials, 2023
Ana Cláudia Pimenta, Luísa Nascimento, Natália Cruz-Martins
Carbohydrates also hold a significant potential for targeted chemotherapy, either as attached to NPs or as targets themselves, especially when we intend to target the glycosylated proteins previously mentioned. Complex carbohydrates can be attached to NCs to produce specific interactions with lectins. Another potential application for carbohydrates is glucose coating: glucose-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) show differential uptake between metabolically active normal cells and cancer cells. Mannan can also be used to target NPs to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) (Zamay et al., 2017).
The response surface optimization of β-mannanase produced by Weissella cibaria F1 and its potential in juice clarification
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Hairui Ji, Huiying Cao, Li Zhao, Ruiying Na, Wenxiang Ping, Jingping Ge, Dan Zhao
Konjac powder is a hybrid mannan that is widely used and inexpensive. It could induce microorganisms to produce β-mannanase, such as L. casei HDS-01 and Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus.[22,31] In this paper, konjac powder was used as a substrate to induce W. cibaria F1 β-mannanase production. The initial activity of β-mannanase reached 29.28 ± 0.26 U/mL after a single factor experiment (data not shown). W. cibaria F1 secreted extracellular β-mannanase that hydrolyzed the heteromannan, which then showed a clearance zone on konjac powder-MRS agar plate (Figure 4A). After RSM optimization, the clear zone of W. cibaria F1 β-mannanase hydrolyzing konjac powder was larger on a plate (Figure 4B). This change indicated the importance of medium optimization for maximizing β-mannanase production.
The response surface optimization of β-mannanase produced by Lactobacillus casei HDS-01 and its potential in juice clarification
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2019
Dan Zhao, Yao Wang, Jin Na, Wenxiang Ping, Jingping Ge
Amorphophallus konjac is a perennial herb which is rich in glucomannan. Konjac powder is a widely used and inexpensive hetero-mannan to induce microbial β-mannanase, such as Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus and Bacillus sp.[7,23] Konjac powder was used as a substrate to induce L. casei HDS-01 β-mannanase production in the present research. After single factor experiments (data not shown), when carbon source was a mixture composed of 10 g L−1 glucose and 8 g L−1 konjac powder, the initial β-mannanase activity reached 61.29 ± 2.35 U mL−1. L. casei HDS-01 secreted extra-cellular β-mannanase, which hydrolyzed hetero-mannan substrate and exhibited clearance zone on konjac powder-MRS agar plate (Fig. 1A). The β-mannanase could be qualitatively detected by Congo Red staining method on anagar plate, which was usually used for screening of β-mannanase-producing strains.[7,24]
Guerbet glycolipids from mannose: liquid crystals properties
Published in Liquid Crystals, 2018
Melonney Patrick, N. Idayu Zahid, Manfred Kriechbaum, Rauzah Hashim
The word ‘mannose’ or ‘mannitol’ is derived from manna, which appears in both the Bible (The Bible 16.31) and the Quran (The Qur’an 2.57) and refers to the food (of plant origin?) God provided the Israelites during their exodus. That aside, mannose is obtained from mannan, hemicellulose or cellulose of both plant and microorganism origins via chemical hydrolysis or enzymatic processes [1]. Common sources of mannose include spent coffee grounds (21%) [2], baker’s yeast (16%) [3] and Chinese jujube (13%) [4]. Fruit like orange peel [5], mango [6] and cranberries [7] also contain mannose. It has a wide range of applications including a source of dietary supplements, as starting material for the synthesis of drugs and in the treatment of urinary-tract infections [1,8]. Chemically mannose is a simple sugar from the aldohexose series and is a C-2 epimer of glucose [9] with a small structural difference – the hydroxyl group is at the ring C-2 position axial instead of equatorial (in glucose), but the physical behaviours of mannose differ from those of glucose [10]. Furthermore, the two possible stereoisomers (α/β-d-mannose) from the two likely orientations (axial/equatorial) of the hydroxyl group at the C-1 position are different since α-d-mannose is a sweet-tasting sugar, while β-d-mannose tastes bitter [1]. The physical and chemical properties of these monosaccharides depend upon the molecular shape, stereochemistry and the extent of hydrogen bonding interactions.