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Assessment of Quercetin Isolated from Enicostemma Littorale Against Few Cancer Targets: An in Silico Approach
Published in A. K. Haghi, Ana Cristina Faria Ribeiro, Lionello Pogliani, Devrim Balköse, Francisco Torrens, Omari V. Mukbaniani, Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 2017
Acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL) is a form of leukemia or cancer of the white blood cells characterized by excess lymphoblasts. Malignant, immature white blood cells continuously multiply and overproduce in the bone marrow causing damage and death by crowding out normal cells in the bone marrow, and by spreading (infiltrating) to other organs. ALL is most common in childhood with a peak incidence at 2-5 years of age, and another peak in old age. The overall cure rate in children is about 80%, and about 45-60% of adults have long-term, disease-free survival.69
Bayesian Convolutional Neural Network-based Models for Diagnosis of Blood Cancer
Published in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 2022
Mohammad Ehtasham Billah, Farrukh Javed
In the diagnosis of ALL, one method of initially determining the symptoms of cancerous lymphocytes cells is through complete blood count and, particularly, by inspecting the white blood cells present in peripheral blood samples (NCI 2018). In some cases, hematological analyzers provide quantitative data about hematological parameters, but they are not able to determine patient symptoms. A significant number of lymphoblast, B lymphocyte, and T lymphocyte in the peripheral blood is a probable indication of leukemia cancer (Hunger, Mullighan, and Longo 2015). If too many lymphocytes are observed, morphological bone marrow smear analysis is performed by a pathologist using a microscope to determine the manifestation of cancer. Determining whether a lymphocyte in the blood sample is associated with leukemia cancer is an important part of diagnosis and thus a proper identification of the cancerous lymphocytes would assist in a better prognosis. The produced screening reports on microscopic blood samples by a human can be subjective based on many factors, e.g., the responsible person’s experience, age, mental state, exhaustion, etc. Therefore, the assistance of an automated system could be a vital tool to avoid errors in such critical situations.
Bioprocessing and purification of extracellular L-asparaginase produced by endophytic Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and its anticancer activity
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Ling Sze Yap, Wai Leng Lee, Adeline Su Yien Ting
L-asparaginase is the first therapeutic enzyme used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a disease when immature blood cells were produced and developed into abnormal leukemic lymphoblast, which decreases the number of red blood cells causing fatal complications. L-asparaginase catalyzes L-asparagine into aspartic acid and ammonia and has been studied extensively due to its cell-specific antineoplastic property which only targets tumor cells. The administration of L-asparaginase depletes available L-asparagine in the cell pool. Consequently, this causes the tumor cells to starve, which inhibits the protein biosynthesis in tumor cells, gradually resulting in death of tumor cells.[1] L-asparaginase is effective as this enzyme is specific to tumor cells as tumor cells are unable to produce their own L-asparagine due to the lack of expression of asparagine synthetase.[2] Administration of L-asparaginase is ideal as it has no effect on healthy cells as healthy cells have asparagine synthetase to sustain the production of L-asparagine.[3] Commercially available L-asparaginases are derived primarily from bacteria. The two most common bacteria used are Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi, and the L-asparaginase produced are made available as Elspar®, Kidrolase®, Spectrila®, Erwinase®, among others. The main concerns related to bacterial-derived L-asparaginase are the side effects and complications arising from their use, such as hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis, toxicities, among others.[4] These issues can be mitigated by developing new approaches to modify the enzyme or to source for new L-asparaginase from other organisms.