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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The disease occurs in almost all tropical and warm temperate countries but there are only a few pockets of hyperendemic disease occurrence in Africa, Asia and South America. The disease mainly affects the skin and peripheral nerves causing localised or extensive damage that can result in deformation and disability. Diagnosis is mainly by careful clinical examination. Laboratory diagnosis involves identifying the organism in skin smears or biopsy material. Treatment is with long-term multidrug antimicrobial therapy. Supportive care and rehabilitation are also important components of leprosy management.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The disease occurs in almost all tropical and warm temperate countries with several countries but there are only a few pockets of hyperendemic disease occurrence in Africa, Asia and South America. The disease mainly affects the skin and peripheral nerves causing localised or extensive damage that can result in deformation and disability. Diagnosis is mainly by careful clinical examination. Laboratory diagnosis involves identifying the organism in skin smears or biopsy material. Treatment is with long-term multidrug antimicrobial therapy. Supportive care and rehabilitation are also important components of leprosy management.
Microbiological Hazards
Published in Dag K. Brune, Christer Edling, Occupational Hazards in the Health Professions, 2020
Inadvertent parenteral human-to-human transmission of leprosy following an accidental needlestick in a surgeon has been reported.148 Despite the historically bad reputation of leprosy, in modern care for leprosy patients, no isolation is required.13
Immunology research in Latin American countries: a bibliometric analysis of scientific productivity and collaboration covering the period 2000–2017
Published in Tapuya: Latin American Science, Technology and Society, 2021
Luis Humberto Fabila-Castillo, Ruy Fabila-Monroy, Ana Alejandra Morales-Rodríguez
As infectious diseases and vaccines-infectious diseases were the most frequent areas of the articles, we identified the microorganism-caused diseases most often addressed by the Latin American immunologists in Q1 and Q2 journals. Table 4 shows ten diseases for which more than 100 articles were found. For Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and mycobacterial diseases (includes tuberculosis and leprosy), we found more than 400 articles for each one. For the other seven diseases, we found between 119 and 262 articles. All these diseases are a heavy burden for Latin American countries. Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, leprosy (from mycobacterial diseases), schistosomiasis, dengue, and brucellosis, are considered neglected tropical diseases. Although tuberculosis, AIDS(HIV), malaria, and toxoplasmosis are not classified as neglected tropical diseases, they also constitute a heavy burden for Latin American countries (Hotez 2008).
Exposure characteristics of airborne bacteria during a haze pollution event at Qinling Mountain, China
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2019
Rui Lu, Chunlan Fan, Pengxia Liu, Yuzhen Qi, Feifei Mu, Zhengsheng Xie, John Kerr White, Anne Mette Madsen, Yanpeng Li
Several potential pathogenic bacteria and opportunistic pathogens (Gou et al. 2016; Liu et al. 2018) at the genus level were also detected in this research (Table 3). Based on the average relative abundance of these potential pathogens, their dominance followed the order of Bacillus (28.78%), Pseudomonas (16.33%), Streptococcus (0.41%), Burkholderia (0.39%), Enterococcus (0.21%), Acinetobacter (0.075%), Clostridium (0.026%), Staphylococcus (0.025%), Mycobacterium (0.017%), Serratia (0.016%), Corynebacterium (0.014%), Micrococcus (0.010%), Delftia (0.007%), Enterobacter (0.006%), and Stenotrophomonas (0.004%). It is worth noting that Vibrio, Legionella, Haemophilus, and Nocardia which were detected in Hangzhou (Liu et al. 2018) were not detected in this study. Neisseria, which can cause cerebrospinal meningitis, was also found in Xi'an (Li et al. 2015) but its relative abundance of it was almost zero in this study. Du et al. (2018) found some pathogens were higher in the suburban area than in the urban area of Beijing. These differences could be attributed to the differences in the sources of samples, mainly between urban and mountain environment. The samples were also collected at different sampling time and also could have caused various ongoing epidemic diseases related to the season when the airborne microbes were collected from the different regions. Although these microbial genera relative abundances in the air samples were far lower than other dominant genera, they can still affect the human health through respiratory tract infections (Bertolini et al. 2013). For example, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae, which are species of Mycobacterium, can cause tuberculosis and leprosy in humans, respectively (King et al. 2017). Govan and Deretic (1996) found respiratory infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia play a major role in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis in children worldwide (O'Brien et al. 2009). Hence, more attention should be given to newborn babies and the elderly people during haze days (Liu et al. 2018).