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Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics
Published in Emeric Arus, Biomechanics of Human Motion, 2017
Musculus gastrocnemius has two heads with two origins and continues with a single common tendon. Insertion: The origin of the medial head is on the medial epicondyle of the femur and is longer and stronger than the lateral head. The origin of the lateral head is inserted on the lateral epicondyle of the femur. Each tendon continues with an aponeurotic fascia found superficially on the dorsal part of the muscle. On the deeper layer and lower part, there is an aponeurotic fascia for each section of this muscle. Between the two fascias, all the muscular fibers are laid down. Distal insertion for both heads is on the calcaneus bone via the Achilles tendon. Action: Plantar flexor of the ankle assists flexion of the knee. Innervation is given by tibial nerve (S1 and S2).
Age-related differences in torque in angle-specific and peak torque hamstring to quadriceps ratios in female soccer players from 11 to 18 years old: Α Cross-sectional study
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2021
Marilia S. Andrade, Marina S. Junqueira, Claudio Andre Barbosa De Lira, Rodrigo L. Vancini, Aldo Seffrin, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Thomas Rosemann, Beat Knechtle
The isokinetic muscle evaluation was performed using the isokinetic dynamometer, Biodex System 3 (Biodex Medical System, Shirley, NY, USA). Prior to the test, participants performed five-minute warm up by going up and down a ladder, and a light dynamic muscle stretching of lower limb muscles. This kind of stretching generates minimum impairment to muscle strength (Mascarin et al., 2015). The adopted position was seated (approximately 90º hip flexion) with trunk, hip and thigh fixed with bands to minimize body movements and isolate knee joint movements. The distal fixation was placed two centimetres above the lateral malleolus of the fibula. The axis of the isokinetic dynamometer was aligned with the lateral epicondyle of the femur. The limit of the range of motion was determined by goniometry. Full extension was considered as 0º. Movement started at 90º of knee flexion to full extension. Gravity correction was done for each lower limb before the test to reduce the risks of imprecision.
Backstroke start performance: the impact of using the Omega OBL2 backstroke ledge
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2018
Gordon E. Barkwell, James P. Dickey
Video files were manually digitised using Kinovea software (Version 0.8.15, https://www.kinovea.org). The length of the starting platform (0.74 m) was used as a reference measurement to calibrate the video images. The front edge of the starting platform (even with the edge of the touchpad) was used as the origin. The hip angle was calculated by digitising the position of the greater trochanter, glenohumeral joint and the lateral epicondyle of the femur. Knee angle was calculated by digitising the position of the lateral epicondyle of the femur, lateral malleolus and greater trochanter. Hip and knee angles were recorded from the start flash until last wall contact. Entry distance was calculated as the horizontal distance between the front edge of the starting platform and the centre of the head as it entered the water. Time to 10 m was calculated as the time between the starter flash and the instant the centre of the head reached 10 m. Swimmers reacted to the audible start signal rather than the flash, which is the same as in competition.
Effects of different intensities of resistance training with equated volume load on muscle strength and hypertrophy
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2018
Thiago Lasevicius, Carlos Ugrinowitsch, Brad Jon Schoenfeld, Hamilton Roschel, Lucas Duarte Tavares, Eduardo Oliveira De Souza, Gilberto Laurentino, Valmor Tricoli
Muscle CSA was determined for the EF and VL using B-mode ultrasonography with a 7.5 MHz linear-array probe (SonoAce R3, Samsung-Medison, Gangwon-do, South Korea). A researcher experienced in muscle ultrasound testing performed all measurements. To measure EF CSA, the researcher first identified the midpoint between the head of the humerus and the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, which was then marked with semipermanent ink for reference. Thereafter, the skin was transversally marked every 1 cm from the reference point along the medial and lateral aspects of the upper arm to orient ultrasound probe placement. For the VL CSA, the researcher identified the midpoint between the greater trochanter and the lateral epicondyle of the femur. The skin was then transversally marked every 2 cm from the reference point along the medial and lateral aspects of the thigh to orient probe placement.