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Therapeutic Nanostructures in Antitubercular Therapy
Published in Bhaskar Mazumder, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Yashwant Pathak, Nanotechnology, 2019
Paulami Pal, Subhabrata Ray, Anup Kumar Das, Bhaskar Mazumder
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is mostly asymptomatic and does not represent an active disease state. The majority of people infected with LTBI are unaware of their clinical state of infection. After primary infection, the immune system of the infected person controls as well as restrains the infection, however, classically, does not abolish the infection. Around 5% to 10% of infected individuals develop primary TB as they are not capable of controlling the initial infection, while the rest of the population are left with LTBI. It is an amazing capacity of M. tuberculosis to remain in this dormant state within the macrophages and other cells for decades. These dormant bacteria may again become active in about 5% to 10% of individuals having LTBI as a result of various factors, such as a compromised immune system. Active TB is often termed as reactivation TB amid this group of infected individuals (Figure 3.2).
Factors influencing the initiation and adherence of LTBI treatment in healthcare workers: a systematic review
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is defined as a state of persistent immunological reaction to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, albeit with no clinical symptoms, abnormal radiographical findings, or microbiological evidence of active tuberculosis (TB).1 Around one-third of the global population is estimated to have LTBI,2 including approximately 13 million in the United States.3 If LTBI is left untreated, the lifetime risk of active TB among infected individuals is estimated to be 5–10%, with 50% developing active TB within the first five years after infection.1 Compared to the general population, healthcare workers (HCWs) are at increased risk of LTBI because of occupational exposure, with 2.27 times higher risk of LTBI among HCWs compared to that in the general population.4 In addition, the estimated incidence of LTBI among HCWs worldwide ranges from 3.8% to 8.4%.5 Since HCWs with LTBI can potentially transmit TB to patients, visitors, and coworkers, LTBI screening and treatment are of critical importance to enhance occupational safety as well as public health.