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Nanotechnology in Functional Foods and Their Packaging
Published in Alok Dhawan, Sanjay Singh, Ashutosh Kumar, Rishi Shanker, Nanobiotechnology, 2018
Satnam Singh, Shivendu Ranjan, Nandita Dasgupta, Chidambaram Ramalingam
Probiotics are generally referred to as a mixture of bacterial species such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Bifidobacterium spp. and are present in dairy foods like yogurts, yogurt-type fermented milk, cheese, puddings, fruit-based drinks, and so on. Their viability in food products can be increased by nanoencapsulation. Nanoencapsulation is desirable to develop designer probiotic bacterial formulations that trigger their delivery to certain parts of the gastrointestinal tract, where they interact with specific receptors (Kailasapathy and Rybka 1997, Vidhyalakshmi et al. 2009). An enhanced shelf life of probiotic organisms has been seen when nanoencapsulated with calcium alginate (Kailasapathy and Rybka 1997). Curcumin, a natural pigment present in turmeric and responsible for its yellow color, has health benefits that can be enhanced by encapsulation in nanoemulsions (Wang et al. 2009). The bioavailability of lycopene can be enhanced by fortifying nanoparticles of lycopene in tomato juice, pasta sauce, and jam (Auweter et al. 1999). The milk protein casein can act as a neutral nanocarrier and be employed as a vehicle for delivering mineral nutrients such as vitamin D2 (Semo et al. 2007).
Sustainability and Development of Industry 5.0
Published in Pau Loke Show, Kit Wayne Chew, Tau Chuan Ling, The Prospect of Industry 5.0 in Biomanufacturing, 2021
Hui Shi Saw, Abdul Azim bin Azmi, Kit Wayne Chew, Pau Loke Show
Meanwhile in the agricultural industry, value-addition of waste from apple pomace and apple pomace sludge generated from fruit processing was investigated. The increase in these biodegradable waste is raising concern due to the surge of demand in fruit products. To tackle this issue, employing the waste in microbe cultivation is deemed innovative. Solid-state fermentation is widely implemented in filamentous fungi as they showed efficient growth on complex solid substrates and produce an extensive variety of extracellular products. Nutrient-enriched fruit waste contains a high content of polysaccharides, of which the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin present could act as natural inducers. These sugar rich compound serve as residues to promote fungal growth, leading to economical production of cellulo- and ligninolytic enzymes (Oberoi et al. 2010; Dhillon, Oberoi, et al. 2011). Instead of supplementing fermentation media with artificial nutrients, utilization of waste provides a good supply of vitamins and other mineral ions, on top of the naturally present citric and malic acid that can be metabolized by cultures (Dhillon, Kaur, and Brar 2013). With the nature of apple pomace to be acidic (pH 3–3.5), it creates a suitable cultivation condition for Aspergillus niger (Dhillon, Brar, et al. 2011a,b). Bioproduction of citric acid from this strain can be achieved using readily available apple pomace as substrate, without the need of pretreatment, greatly reducing the environmental footprint in such production. Citric acid is known as a natural metabolic intermediate with GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status, biodegradable and biocompatible. Its market value is considerable by the wide usage across multiple sectors, for instance in the pharmaceutical industry for synthesis of biopolymers for drug delivery and human cell line culture. Additionally, this idea is also expanded to microbiological production of lactic acid using Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Dhillon, Oberoi, et al. 2011). Production of enzymes and natural antioxidants that are suitable for commercial use are demonstrated from other types of microorganisms too (Dhillon, Kaur, and Brar 2013).
The Need for Probiotics in Nigeria
Published in Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, James Chukwuma Ogbonna, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Olawole O. Obembe, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Microbiomes and Emerging Applications, 2022
Kingsley C. Anukam, Nneka R. Agbakoba
If exposure to various forms of microbes confers immunity, why do Nigerian children come down with diarrhea leading to high morbidity and mortality? WHO-United Nation’s Children Fund (UNICEF) informed in 2009 that diarrhea is the second foremost cause of death among children under five worldwide. Approximately one-in-five child deaths, amounting to about 1.5 million each year, is mainly due to diarrhea disease. It is estimated that diarrhea kills more young children than AIDS, malaria, and measles collectively. UNICEF reported that “only 44% of children with diarrhea in low-income countries receive the recommended treatment.” A large number of children are not receiving adequate care for diarrhea in Nigeria (Carvajal-Vélez et al., 2016). Since WHO adopted oral rehydration therapy (ORT) which contains mainly sodium and glucose solution in 1978 as its main means to fight, although the death rate for children suffering from acute diarrhea has drastically fallen from 5 million to 1.3 million deaths yearly, yet one child still dies every 15 seconds, mostly associated with unsafe food and water (https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/diarrhoeal-disease/). Nigeria has a newborn death rate of 72.7 deaths/1,000 live births and diarrhea accounts for 16% and this makes it mandatory for the country to continue with the clarion call to meaningfully move forward with the new sustainable development goals (SDGs) by the 2030 target date. Clinical management of acute diarrhea involves replenishment of fluids and electrolytes lost which warrants the use of ORT during the diarrhea episodes in addition to nutritional care. New probiotic formulations can provide fluid and electrolyte replacement in addition to live Lactobacillus and or Bifidobacterium species that would repopulate the gut thereby producing lactic and acetic acids as metabolic by-products of carbohydrate catabolism. In the last two to three decades, several studies have consistently reported a relatively positive impact of probiotics in treating acute diarrhea in children. For example, products that incorporated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG strain along with Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 20016 resulted in the effective treatment of acute bacterial and rotaviral diarrhea without adverse effects (Guandalini et al., 2000; Guarino et al., 1997; Saavedra et al., 1994). In 2008, a review paper reported a statistically significant benefit and moderate clinical benefit of a few, well-identified probiotic strains—mostly Lactobacillus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii, but also Lactobacillus reuteri—in the treatment of acute watery diarrhea, primarily rotaviral, in infants (Shornikova et al., 1997) and young children from developed countries (Guandalini, 2008). Although such studies are yet to be carried out in Nigeria, there is no reason to suggest otherwise.
The perinatal period, the developing intestinal microbiome and inflammatory bowel diseases: What links early life events with later life disease?
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Fathalla Ali, Kei Lui, Alex Wang, Andrew S. Day, Steven T. Leach
These processes of stratification and compartmentalisation limit contact between the intestinal microbiota and the host. Nevertheless, there must be microbe-immune interactions to facilitate the development of a functional mucosal immune system. Gut microorganisms can alter mucosal immunity through an effect on host cells involved in both the local and systematic immune responses. They can influence immune response via epithelial cells, DC, T cells, regulatory T cells (Treg), monocytes/macrophages, natural killer cells, and by induction of T-cell apoptosis (O’Flaherty et al. 2010). An example is that Lactobacillus rhamnosus can prevent cytokine-induced apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells (Yan and Polk 2002). The inhibition of epithelial cell apoptosis was through activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which control cell homeostasis and protect against gut injury and related mortality (Rakoff-Nahoum et al. 2004).
Streptococcus mutans levels in patients who received orthodontic brackets bonded using probiotic impregnated resin composite – a randomized clinical trial
Published in Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry, 2023
Krishnaraj Rajaram, Poornima R. Jnaneshwar, Azmina Idaayath, Ravi Kannan
The resin composite was manufactured by adding L. rhamnosus GG to a conventional light cure resin composite (Orthofix, Anabond Steadman Pharma Research (P) Ltd) used for orthodontic bonding. The new resin composite contained 20–40% of resin matrix, 60–80% of fillers, 0.75% of erythritol, 1% L. rhamnosus GG and 1.75% whey protein. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was found to have better survival rate in acidic environment as compared to other probiotic microbes. Hence it was selected for the study [26]. Furthermore, Lactobacillus has been proven to be cultured better in the presence of a whey-protein supported medium [27]. The probiotic bacteria were dispersed along with the other fillers into the resin matrix through mechanical blending.
Heat-pretreated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG shows enhanced survival capacity after spray drying
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Géraldine Broeckx, Shari Kiekens, Katarina Jokicevic, Eline Byl, Tim Henkens, Dieter Vandenheuvel, Ingmar Claes, Sarah Lebeer, Filip Kiekens
All experiments were performed using Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (L. rhamnosus GG, ATCC53103), a model probiotic strain that was originally isolated from human fecal samples.[13,14]L. rhamnosus GG was cultured as described in our previous work.[15]