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Microbiological, West Nile Virus, and Lyme Disease
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
La Crosse encephalitis (LAC) is much less common than EEE or SLE, but occurs in all 13 states east of the Mississippi, particularly in the Appalachian region. It was reported first in 1963 in La Crosse, Wisconsin, and the vector is thought to be a specific type of woodland mosquito (Aedes triseriatus) called the tree-hole mosquito, with small mammals the usual warm-blooded host. It occurs in children younger than 16 and once again there is no vaccine for LAC encephalitis.
Modeling the average population of La Crosse vectors in Knox County, Tennessee
Published in Letters in Biomathematics, 2019
Maitraya Ghatak, Javier Urcuyo, Patrick Wise, Rebecca Trout Fryxell, Suzanne Lenhart
Discovered in La Crosse, Wisconsin, in 1960, La Crosse virus (LACV) is the most frequently diagnosed pediatric arbovirus in the continental United States (Thompson, Kalfayan, & Anslow, 1965). Children under the age of 15 (typically 5–9 years old) infected with LACV may develop symptoms such as headaches, fever, disorientation, and seizures and are then diagnosed with La Crosse encephalitis (LACE) (Erwin et al., 2002). LACE is a significant public health concern in the Midwestern (Calisher, 1994) and Appalachian (Erwin et al., 2002; Haddow & Odoi, 2009) regions of the United States, and infection rates often spike in summer and in early fall (Szumlas et al., 1996). The time between when a susceptible human is bitten and when symptoms emerge, or the intrinsic incubation period, ranges from 5 to 15 days (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2016). In one study, 12% of hospitalized children with LACE had neurological deficits by time of discharge, and increased levels of behavioural problems were recorded 1–1.5 years after infection; thus, children infected with LACV face the lifelong risk of adverse health outcomes (Erwin et al., 2002).