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DNA Structure, Sequencing, Synthesis, and Modification: Making Biology Molecular
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
More drastic mutations can be constructed by complete removal, inactivation or replacement of a gene in organisms ranging from yeast to mice. Species in which a gene has been removed or inactivated are called “knock-out.” Such lines allow observation of the effect of a particular gene, which can range from no observed effect to absolute lethality. In higher organisms, such as mice, mutations can be introduced into the embryonic stem cells in such a way that they are incorporated into the germ line. Subsequent mating of mice carrying the mutation will produce off-spring that carry the modified gene. Replacement of genes can be accomplished by the same type of techniques, and species with inserted genes are called “knock-in.”
Cadmium contamination in food crops: Risk assessment and control in smart age
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Yan Huili, Zhang Hezifan, Hao Shuangnan, Wang Luyao, Xu Wenxiu, Ma Mi, Luo Yongming, He Zhenyan
Recently, many innovative gene editing tools have been developed, which allow not only randomly knock-down or knock-out genes, but also accurately deletion, insertion and substitution of one base in genome. Prime editing has come into sight because it can realize artificial variation creation including insertion, deletion and substitution between any base pairs. Using modified prime-editing-guide RNA (pegRNA) which guides the nickase to the proper editing target and serves as template of reverse transcriptase, prime editing can be more accurate with less side-effect and no need of donor DNA (Lin et al., 2020). In plant cells, Zong et al. has created an engineered plant prime editor (ePPE) with 2 modifications on the reverse transcriptase, which provided a 5.8-fold enhancement for editing efficiency with no significant increase of byproduct and miss-target effect when tested in rice (Zong et al., 2022).
Gene doping: Present and future
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
Rebeca Araujo Cantelmo, Alessandra Pereira da Silva, Celso Teixeira Mendes-Junior, Daniel Junqueira Dorta
Some techniques have been helpful to leverage research in the field of gene editing, increasingly contributing to gene editing development and improvement. Among these techniques, zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and particularly the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) are noteworthy. These tools are applied in genetic manipulation and have diverse functions including gene introduction or replacement, precise DNA insertion or deletions of various lengths, and production of knock-in and knockout animals and plants. However, all these genome-editing techniques require several processes to evaluate and to regularize their practice so that the underlying risks are known and their misuse can be avoided in the future (Fears & Meulen, 2017; Mashimo, 2014).
Zearalenone perturbs the circadian clock and inhibits testosterone synthesis in mouse Leydig cells
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Lijia Zhao, Yaoyao Xiao, Cuimei Li, Jing Zhang, Yaojia Zhang, Meina Wu, Tiantian Ma, Luda Yang, Xiaoyu Wang, Haizhen Jiang, Qian Li, Hongcong Zhao, Yiqun Wang, Aihua Wang, Yaping Jin, Huatao Chen
It was postulated that ZEA might inhibit testosterone synthesis by perturbing the circadian clock in mouse LCs. We examined the effects of ZEA on PER2::LUC oscillations in mouse primary LCs isolated from PER2::LUCIFERASE reporter gene knock in mice. In addition the influence of ZEA was assessed on the expression profiles of several canonical clock genes and steroidogenic genes, as well as testosterone synthesis in TM3 cells and primary LCs. Further, the in vivo consequences of ZEA exposure on the expression of core clock and steroidogenic genes in testes of mice as well as serum testosterone levels were determined.