China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Genomic Approaches for Understanding Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
Published in Hasanuzzaman Mirza, Nahar Kamrun, Fujita Masayuki, Oku Hirosuke, Tofazzal M. Islam, Approaches for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, 2019
Richa Rai, Amit Kumar Rai, Madhoolika Agrawal
The third generation genome-editing tool is CRISPR, which is a comparatively precise approach to modifying DNA at specific sites. CRISPR has evolved as a principal technique for gene function analysis (Deltcheva et al., 2011; Perez-Pinera et al., 2013; Kanchiswamy et al., 2016) (Figure 24.2). During the last few years, CRISPR-Cas 9 mediated mutagenesis was performed in Arabidopsis, sorghum, tobacco, etc. which demonstrated the applicability of this technique in both dicot and monocot plants (Feng et al., 2013; Li et al., 2013b). The functions of CRISPR and Cas genes (CRISPR-associated) are indispensable for adaptive immunity in some bacteria and archaea, and to date, three types of mechanisms have been identified. Type II CRISPR is the highly studied and applied mechanism developed by Bortesi and Fischer (2015). The Type I and III systems involve specific Cas endonucleases which make the pre-crRNAs (Pre-CRISPR RNA), and after attaining maturity, this crRNA assembles into a Cas protein complex with the ability to recognize and cleave nucleic bases complementary to the crRNA (Jinek et al., 2012). The CRISPR-Cas9 Type II is characterized as a small RNA-based immune system of archaea and bacteria (Haft et al., 2005).
Synthetic Biology and Artificial Intelligence
Published in Lavanya Sharma, Mukesh Carpenter, Computer Vision and Internet of Things, 2022
CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing technique allows the manipulation of target genes and genomic regions. CRISPR is an acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, while Cas9 is a dual RNA-guided DNA endonuclease enzyme associated with CRISPR. The efficiency of a particular single guided RNA (sgRNA) is not uniquely defined by the identity of the sequence with the target site (TS). CRISTA (CRISPR Target Assessment) presents a new software of the machine learning (ML) network, which defines the tendency of a genomic TS to be separate from a corresponding sgRNA, describing the 3D structure and stickiness inside of the entire TS [1–3].
Food and Beverage Bio-manufacturing – Industry 5.0
Published in Pau Loke Show, Kit Wayne Chew, Tau Chuan Ling, The Prospect of Industry 5.0 in Biomanufacturing, 2021
Deepshika Deepak, Wen Yi Chia, Kit Wayne Chew, Pau Loke Show
Furthermore, new types of technology applied in genetic engineering are the true game changers of biotechnology. An example is clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) technology. In essence, CRISPR is a genome editing tool that allows greater precision in modification of the genome. These technologies use physical, chemical and biological mutagenesis and have significant contributions in the study of biological mechanisms for the improvement of the plant species. With tools such as Big Data, these large masses of data are speeding up the development of new drugs and crop species.
Lipid-based nanocarrier mediated CRISPR/Cas9 delivery for cancer therapy
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Aisha Aziz, Urushi Rehman, Afsana Sheikh, Mohammed A. S. Abourehab, Prashant Kesharwani
The clinical use of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing therapeutics has been restricted due to the lack of a carrier that shows all properties like biocompatibility, low toxicity, and efficiency [68]. The delivery approaches for CRISPR/Cas9 must cater to the specific needs of the situation, hence fine tuning of targeting and specificity for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery is required which can open a vast avenue for research and make room for improvement. This includes improving the targeting specificity (dependent on the enzyme type and the delivery system) and delivery specificity (depends on the delivery system which currently comprises largely of local injections but advancements in drug delivery have been made that can be applied to and studied for the delivery of nanoparticle vehicles) (Figure 3) [69]. Advantages of non-viral delivery (e.g. Lipid based nanoparticles) include increased regulation of the dose and the time span of delivery, also allowing various permutations and combinations of non-viral modes in order to obtain maximum therapeutic benefit. A critical challenge of errors during insertion and small carrying capacity as seen in viral based deliveries could be overcome sufficiently.
Low toxicity and high efficacy in use of novel approaches to control Aedes aegypti
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2020
Vanessa Santana Vieira Santos, Boscolli Barbosa Pereira
Recently, CRISPR-based genome editing has revolutionized the ability for precise genome manipulations and brought new perspectives to genetically modified mosquitoes research. In fact, CRISPR has emerged as an innovative technology to provide global solutions to protect crop yields and control vector-borne diseases and invasive pest species (Kandul et al. 2019). As depicted in Table 4, transgenic Aedes aegypti strains expressing Cas9 in the germline were developed, and the genetic manipulation resulted in a quite effective CRISPR/Cas9 transgenic system. Li et al. (2017) provided improvements in the consistency and specificity of genome modifications using this approach. These findings thereby created new lines for exploration of novel population control technologies targeting Aedes aegypti populations.
The potential for the use of gene drives for pest control in New Zealand: a perspective
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2018
Peter K. Dearden, Neil J. Gemmell, Ocean R. Mercier, Philip J. Lester, Maxwell J. Scott, Richard D. Newcomb, Thomas R. Buckley, Jeanne M. E. Jacobs, Stephen G. Goldson, David R. Penman
The advent of CRISPR/Cas9 targeting technologies (Hsu et al. 2014) has given new life to the gene drive idea. CRISPR/Cas9 makes use of a prokaryotic system which allows cells to cut invasive DNA that has been encountered previously (Horvath & Barrangou 2010). The system consists of a nuclease, Cas9, that can be targeted to any sequence in the genome using a small RNA sequence called a guide RNA (gRNA), providing that target sequence sits next to a 2–6 base pair PAM motif (Horvath & Barrangou 2010). The combination of the Cas9 molecule, which cuts DNA to form double-stranded breaks, and specific gRNA that guide Cas9 to a particular sequence, provides the technology to cut DNA at specific locations (Beumer & Carroll 2014; Bassett & Liu 2014). Using gRNAs targeting a specific sequence in a pest genome, a gene drive mechanism using CRISPR/Cas9 would act in the same way as for HEGs (Esvelt et al. 2014).