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Immunology of Scleroderma
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
The centromere comprised of the kinetochore, which is a trilaminar disc-shaped structure, serves as the attachment site for the spindle microtubules. The microtubules facilitate the alignment and separation of the chromosome during mitosis.184,185 The prevalence of ACA in SSc varies but has been found to be strongly associated with the lcSSc.134 ACA has also been identified in normal individuals186 and patients with Raynaud’s,166,186 SLE,186 primary biliary cirrhosis,187 and morphea.187 ACA comprises at least 6 centromere polypeptides (CENP): CENP-A to CENP-F More than 90% of ACA-positive sera from SSc patients reacts with CENP-A, -B, and -C188 and studies have demonstrated that these antibodies are capable of disrupting mitosis.189 CENP-A is a protein that is very similar to histone H3 of the H3/H4 nucleosomal core and is approximately 18 kD in size. It copurifies with H3/H4, but it has a centromere specific binding domain and is therefore distinct from H3 and H4.190,191 CENP-B is a DNA binding protein of 80kD and can be identified in 100% of all ACA-positive sera. It is distributed throughout the centromeric alpha-satellite heterochromatin below the kinetochore.192 CENP-C is a 140 kD protein that is a component of the kinetochore plate, which is essential for normal centromere function.193
Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
kinetochore refers to the structure at the centromere of eukaryotic chromosomes. The kinetochore consists of inner and outer electron dense plates and a central zone containing repetitive DNA elements.
Genotoxic effect induced by dried nicotiana tabacum leaves from tobacco barns (kiln-houses) in chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells (V79)
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Daiana Dalberto, Caroline Cardoso Nicolau, Melissa Rosa De Sousa, Ana Letícia Hilário Garcia, Fernanda Boaretto, Jaqueline Nascimento Picada, Guilherme Maurício Soares De Souza, Paola Chytry, Johnny Ferraz Dias, Cleverson Costa Feistel, Alexandre Barros Falcão Ferraz, Ivana Grivicich, Juliana Da Silva
Thus, Systems biology approach was used to elucidate the human biological processes related to mixture of compounds detected in the dry tobacco leaves (inorganic elements and nicotine). The major HBidentified in the network were the proteins AKT1, PPP2R1A, CREBBP, CYP1A1, EP300, PPP2CA, HSP90AA1, and CDC5L. Kahl, Da Silva, and Da Silva (2016) showed the presence of AKT1, CREBBP, and CYP1A1 and related to the effect of nicotine and pesticides on telomere length in tobacco farmers. The AKT1 protein was the one that stood out in the centrality graph. According to data found on genetic cards, this protein regulates a wide variety of cellular functions, such as cell stem cell manutention, proliferation, metabolism, and angiogenesis in normal and malignant cells (Miricescu et al. 2019). A diverse set of cascades have been implicated in various cancers including those mediated by serine/threonine kinases such AKT/PP2CA (Ruvolo 2016). CREBBP protein and its homologue EP300 are transcriptional co-activators of different transcription factors that are involved in a wide array of cellular activities, such as DNA repair, and are related with respiratory epithelium tumorigenesis (Karamouzis, Konstantinopoulos, and Papavassiliou 2007). Another gene that stands out in the centrality analysis was the CYP1A1 gene, which can metabolize a broad range of foreign compounds and drugs. CYP1A1 is important in defining the efficacy and toxicity/carcinogenicity of drugs and foreign compounds. Unlike other CYP enzymes, CYP1A1 is found predominantly in liver tissue and to a lesser extent lung. CYP1A1is involved in the metabolism of PAHs which are attributed to enhanced risk of lung cancer following exposure (Ezzeldin et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2019). CDC5L protein is a cell cycle regulator of the G2/M transition and was reported to participate in DNA damage repair and in the kinetochore-microtubule attachment (Mu et al. 2014). In addition, lung cancer risk was associated with PPP2R1A (Zhang et al. 2017) and HSP90AA1 (Wang et al. 2020).