Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Applications of Nanocarriers in Emerging and Re-Emerging Central Nervous System Tropical Infections
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nanocarriers for Brain Targeting, 2019
Japanese encephalitis is an important arbovirus infection. This disease is common in several tropical countries. The disease might be asymptomatic but can result in serious complications, encephalitis, and death. The prevention of this disease is the best management and there is already an available vaccine for Japanese encephalitis (Wiwanitkit, 2009). It is the recommendation for the local people in endemic areas to get the vaccination. Also, a traveler who wants to visit the endemic area in the tropical regions should get a vaccination for the prevention of Japanese encephalitis. For management of the case with encephalitis due to this infection, symptomatic management is routinely used. There is still no specific effective antiviral drug. The use of the nanocarriers for drug delivery is limited. Nevertheless, the role of the technology for Japanese encephalitis vaccine development can be seen. The summary of important reports is given in Table 16.5.
Novel RNA Interference (RNAi)-Based Nanomedicines for Treating Viral Infections
Published in Dan Peer, Handbook of Harnessing Biomaterials in Nanomedicine, 2021
Nyree Maes, Skye Zeller, Priti Kumar
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is the major cause of pediatric encephalitis in Asia resulting in up to 50,000 cases reported annually [118]. West Nile virus (WNV) another closely related mosquito-borne encephalitic flavivirus was endemic in Africa, Asia and Europe before 1999 [48]. In 1999 after the first incidence in New York, USA, the virus quickly spread becoming endemic to all the 50 states within 4 years causing thousands of human infections and hundreds of deaths each year [48]. Two prophylactic JEV vaccines are available for human use; however, no antiviral therapies exist for any flavivirus.
Larvicidal activity of green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles from Carica papaya leaf extract
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2023
Manish Kumar Dwivedi, Suvashish Kumar Pandey, Prashant Kumar Singh
Mosquitoes belonging to the phylum Arthropoda have been divided into about 3,500 species distributed worldwide. They are transmission agents for various vector-borne diseases.[1,2] They are a necessary target of disease eradication programs as vectors, and they transmit infectious agents, causing millions of yearly deaths worldwide.[1–5] The significant genera Culex, Anopheles, and Aedes are responsible for many fatal diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue, zika, chikungunya, western equine encephalitis, dog heartworm, Japanese encephalitis, etc.[6] Malaria is caused by the plasmodium species and transmitted through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. According to the World Malaria Report (2021), 241 million cases and 627,000 deaths were reported due to malaria in 2020. Globally, malaria affected children below the age of 5 years, accounting for 80% in 2020.[7] Due to emerging drug resistance and the absence of effective vaccines, the vector control program seems to be an effective technique to control malaria infection or other vector-related diseases. Currently, mosquito larvae manage through treatments with organophosphates and insect growth regulators, showing adverse effects on the environment, aquatic organisms, and human health. Large-scale efforts are being made on plant extracts or phytochemicals as new and safe sources of larvicides.[8,9]
A comparative study on larvicidal potential of selected medicinal plants over green synthesized silver nano particles
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
Syed Zameer Ahmed Khader, Sidhra Syed Zameer Ahmed, Jagadeeswari Sathyan, Mohamed Rafi Mahboob, Kisore P. Venkatesh, Kishore Ramesh
Whereas JE (Japanese encephalitis) is caused by mosquito vector Culex tritaeniorhynchus distributed mostly in south Asia and southeast Asia [5] and has reported a mortality of about 30,000–50,000 annually. These vectors breeds especially in irrigation waters of rice field and uses pigs as their amplification host. The symptoms of Japanese Encephalitis infections are mild, with or without apparent symptoms, but many reports suggest that certain patients results in severe disease characterized by raise in body temperature, headache, neck stiffness, disorientation, coma, seizures, spastic paralysis and death. Control of mosquito is something important in the present day with rise in number of illness caused by mosquito and it is a major sources for death in developing countries.