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Parenteral Drug Administration: Routes of Administration and Devices
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Himanshu Bhattacharjee, Vivian Loveless, Laura A. Thoma
Injection into the dermis, located just beneath and adjacent to the epidermis, is called an intradermal injection (Figure 2.5). A number of diagnostic agents, antigens (e.g., tuberculin), and vaccines (e.g., smallpox) are administered by this route. The volume of fluid injected generally does not exceed 0.1 mL. Absorption by the intradermal route is very fast compared to the SubQ or IM route.
Nonclinical Studies
Published in John M. Centanni, Michael J. Roy, Biotechnology Operations, 2016
John M. Centanni, Michael J. Roy
Biopharmaceuticals pose unique formulation and delivery challenges because of their large size, complex structure, and vulnerability to degradation. Many injectable formulations are difficult to administer because of high viscosities associated with concentrated formulations that are often encountered when doses reach hundreds of milligrams required in the final formulated product. Most biopharmaceuticals and drugs are transferred from the final container, such as a vial or a syringe, to an initial target tissue, and only then, it is distributed to the target organ or tissue, where it has the intended therapeutic effect. There are many ways to achieve this objective, some of which are listed in Box 8.1. Many drugs are given orally because they are taken up in the digestive tract without first being metabolized. Oral presentation is rarely the case with biopharmaceuticals today and most are given parenterally. Products given intravenously are designed and intended to be distributed throughout the body very rapidly. Other parental routes of delivery are intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscular. Monoclonal antibodies and therapeutic proteins are often given by one of these routes. Vaccines are usually given subcutaneously or intramuscularly but some are given intranasally and others intradermally. Certain cellular therapies are delivered parenterally, often by direct injection into a target organ or tissue. Oral ingestion is by mouth, but in this case, the biopharmaceutical must be specially formulated, so that gastric and intestinal acids and enzymes do not degrade the product before it crosses the intestinal or gastric mucosa. In addition, special consideration is given to the size of a molecule taken orally, as large molecules such as an antibody would not be readily absorbed in appreciable amounts. Pulmonary delivery for lung absorption is sometimes applied to smaller biomolecules such as insulin. In addition, topical application of biopharmaceuticals is another route of delivery and is exemplified by transcutaneous delivery of vaccines or therapeutic peptides. In development are a host of special delivery methods for biopharmaceuticals such as patches, microneedles, and special injection devices (e.g., pumps). Additional delivery methods that require adjustments in formulation are being developed to enhance in vivo accessibility; these include the use of controlled-release preparations (e.g., microspheres and microparticles), protein modifications (e.g., albumin fusion), and genetic manipulations (e.g., site-directed mutagenesis).
Medical devices and the pediatric population – a head-to-toe approach
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Joy H. Samuels-Reid, Judith U. Cope
Children, particularly newborns, exhibit differences in skin permeability and integrity. While information on skin thickness in infants and children is limited, devices used in children may be chosen with knowledge of the anatomical and physiological changes across the pediatric spectrum. For example, there is an increase in deltoid skin thickness from infancy to adolescence. Therefore, the choice of needles for various procedures will be based on this knowledge. These needles may be used for immunizations and drug delivery at various anatomical sites and routes of administration such as subcutaneous and intramuscular delivery. Injection-site reactions due to intradermal vaccines are most likely because intradermal access is closer to the skin surface than intramuscular or subcutaneous vaccinations[19]. With respect to needle length for the varied pediatric population, one size does not fit all [20,21].
Recent advances in nanotechnology based combination drug therapy for skin cancer
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Shweta Kumari, Prabhat Kumar Choudhary, Rahul Shukla, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Prashant Kesharwani
Microneedles (MNs) technology is regularly utilized to enable the transdermal/intradermal drug distribution as minimal invasive method. Transdermal/intradermal drug delivery systems have many advantages for example increased patient compliance, improved drug release, tissue targeting, avoiding the presystemic metabolism in the liver etc [152]. The mechanism of action in MNs technology is based upon distraction of skin layers to produce micrometer-sized paths by which the medicine is directly acted on the epidermis or the upper dermal layer, through which it goes into the systemic circulation without any difficulty.