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Developing More Successful Cancer Treatments with Physical Oncology
Published in Vittorio Cristini, Eugene J. Koay, Zhihui Wang, An Introduction to Physical Oncology, 2017
Between the various functioning portions of an organ is a space called the interstitium. Each organ has its own unique interstitial space consisting primarily of stromal cells, which are connective tissue made of cells such as fibroblasts (involved with cellular metabolism and cell repair) and pericytes; inflammatory cells; and molecules that are involved in cellular biochemical and structural support, known as the ECM. Within a tumor, it is common to find an environment hostile to normal cells due to hypoxia, acidosis, low glucose levels, and low levels of the energy carrier adenosine triphosphate (ATP), in addition to a high density of the ECM described above. Leaky vasculature contributes to increased pressure in this environment by allowing fluid into the interstitium. Figure 2.4 [116] shows the distribution of interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) levels in tumors.
Acute effects of electrostimulation and blood flow restriction on muscle thickness and fatigue in the lower body
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Salvador Santiago-Pescador, Daniel Fajardo-Blanco, Susana López-Ortiz, Saúl Peñín-Grandes, Roberto Méndez-Sánchez, Alejandro Lucia, Juan Martín-Hernández, Alejandro Santos-Lozano
The mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of BFR remain poorly defined. When used in isolation (Loenneke, Fahs, Thiebaud, et al., 2012) or in combination with low-intensity resistance training (Martin-Hernandez et al., 2013) BFR produces a fluid shift from the capillary bed to the interstitium, termed “cell swelling” (Loenneke, Fahs, Rossow, et al., 2012), which can be measured as muscle thickness (MT) (Yasuda et al., 2015). The swelling effect is linked to changes in the cellular hydration state – with increases in the water influx – that may up-regulate mammalian target of rapamycin signalling (Loenneke, Fahs, Rossow, et al., 2012). In addition to increased muscle fibre recruitment, metabolic stress and fatigue, changes in the cellular hydration state are considered as the main acute determinants of muscle hypertrophy (Schoenfeld, 2013). In this context, a stimulus causing acute cell swelling may trigger a hypertrophic response (Hirono et al., 2022). However, muscle myofibrillar protein synthesis is not altered by the application of BFR alone and requires muscle contractions (Nyakayiru et al., 2019). In this effect, neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a passive modality that uses low-voltage electrical currents to stimulate muscle contraction and improve muscle function.
Modelling uptake and transport of therapeutic agents through the lymphatic system
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
T. D. Jayathungage Don, V. Suresh, J. E. Cater, R. J. Clarke
Figure 2 introduces notation to identify the different regions and surfaces in the geometry. denotes the outer surfaces of the interstitium (i.e., the rodent tail skin, which we take to be impermeable), denotes the lymphatic capillary walls, and denotes the blind-ended surfaces of the lymphatic vessels. is the outlet of the interstitium, are the outer surfaces of the pre-collectors and the collecting vessel, is the outlet of the collecting vessel, is the outlet of the lymphatic capillaries, and is the boundary surface of the bone. The volume occupied by the interstitium is denoted by and the volume occuped by the lymphatic vessel network by
Adverse cardiovascular effects of exposure to cadmium and mercury alone and in combination on the cardiac tissue and aorta of Sprague–Dawley rats
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Sandra Arbi, Megan Jean Bester, Liselle Pretorius, Hester Magdalena Oberholzer
In typical healthy muscle tissue, collagen distribution is around fibroblasts that synthesize collagen (Figure 4a) and is also finely dispersed close to the myofibrils and mitochondria, of the endomysium (Figure 4b). In the heavy metal exposed groups, the collagen deposition is altered when compared to the control. In the Cd group, a dense collagen deposition is observed in the endomysium (Figure 4c) and the interstitium (Figure 4d), surrounded by damaged mitochondria (Figure 4d, arrows) and myofibrils. Densely deposited collagen (Figure 4e) as well as extensive interstitial collagen deposition (Figure 4f) is also observed in the Hg group. In the co-exposure group (Figure 4g) extremely thick collagen fibers composed of dense fibrils that appear to have been directly attached to the muscle fibers (Figure 4g, arrow) is observed. Collagen deposition around a blood vessel is also observed (Figure 4h).